Emile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud Essay - 1191 Words

Emile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud Emile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud are European sociologists who studied and wrote about the affect of industrializations and with society. Emile Durkheim is known to many in the humanities and academic fields. Freud is familiar to anyone who has studied intellectual and scientific history. Durkheim and Freud believed understanding the rules of society was vital for human survival. Durkheim compares to Freud in some aspects to religion. Both Emile and Freud were of European descent. Emile went on to study the rules of society in order to better understand it. He found the broken link to when a crime or problem arose. He related this back to scientific theory which enabled the social group to play a huge†¦show more content†¦Durkheim uses the example of Australian Totemism as the elementary form, that is, the original and most basic common denominator of religion. He describes the totem emblem as a symbol both for a society and its sacredness. This is because, he states in his fundamental hypothesis, god and society are one and the same, though not necessarily on a conscious level. For Durkheim, religion is what brings people together by reinforcing social relations and moral norms through a collective effervescence or group energy. This energy, when felt by the individual, is not recognized as the result of communal energies, but is attributed to the sacred. Emile Durkheim was a taught by a teacher and to add was a sociologist. Durkheim singularly developed sociology and is credited for expanding to academic discipline, social structures, social relationships, and social institutions, in attempt to understand human nature. Later Durkheim took these and applied them into religion. Durkheim focused on the importance of the concept of the sacred and its relevance to the welfare of the entire community. Freud examined much of psychoanalysis and trends that were affected by it. Freud disagreed with religion to full extent. He believed that there needed to different tasks accomplished by the individuals that made up the society but in difference will lead to capitalism and the destruction of the social structure. It is certainly true that society and religion areShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud And Emile Durkheim On Religion1587 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper examines the works of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on religion, looking at how both theorists essentially viewed religion as serving an integral role in human culture. In particular, this essay considers how both theorists consider religious believers to be mistaken in their ontological beliefs, and the rational causes for this. While both Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim are concerned with the study of human behaviour as it relates to culture, each does so from within distinct traditionsRead MoreEssay on The Goal of Functionalism in Religion1748 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkheim, and Karl Marx were all functionalist who developed theories as to why religion was such a major part of their society. Their views are very different from the two theorists E.B. Tylor and James Frazer, as they believed humans were using religion to try and explain the unknowns in the world. Though all three of the men took a fundamentalist approach to religion, their theories to explain religion have some major differences between them. Sigmund Freud, who isRead MoreThe Supreme Court Decision Roe V. Wade Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pageschoice. However, the theories of Emile Durkheim, Sigmund Freud and Christine Horne present compelling evidence to show that the average woman does not have control over her decisions. According to Durkheim’s theory â€Å"The Origins of Beliefs† religion is used as a means to understand why things happen a certain way and to make sense of the world. It is through religion that people are taught trust the will of God and accept circumstances that may be unfavorable. Durkheim states â€Å"A society is to its membersRead MoreRobert Nisbets Understanding of the Ideas of Emile Durkheim1519 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Nisbet placed Emile Durkheim firmly within his own conservative tradition, dating back to anti-Enlightenment thinkers on the Right like Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre. They had defended tradition Christian morality and an orderly, hierarchical society with a monarchy and established church, and were skeptical of liberal claims about progress and rationality. Nisbet thought that modern capitalist society had created the seeds of its own destruction by undermining traditional culture andRead MoreThe Relationship Between Religion And Social Change1814 Words   |  8 Pagesand, how these religious constructions shape other institutions and discourses throughout society and their impact on modernity. This essay focuses on the relationship between religion and social change as proposed in the theories of Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber. It will be argued that religion will continue to evolve with society while providing coherent meaning for the progressions and successes in people’s everyday lives, and thus providing a metaphorical platform for social change,Read MoreMax Weber’s and Mircea Eliade’s Disagreement with Durkheim, Marx and Freud1730 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Sigmund Freud were intelligent theorists that tried to reduce religion to simple explanations. Marx explained religion as a phenomenon created by economic position meant to give reason to people’s social economic position and thus provide them satisfaction, while they are promised salvation in paradise. Durkheim reduced religion as something created by the social interaction of people, thus making religion a social phenomenon, in which people interact and have ritesRead MoreCanada in a Youth Suicide Crisis Situation Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretations was Emile Durkheim. Durkheim worked during the late 1800’s identifying social structures as the key determinant in self-destructive behaviour. In his work Suicide: A study in Sociology, Durkheim stated that â€Å"suicide rates increase when a society’s value system breaks down.†2 Durkheim believed that the shared values of a society and the mechanisms in place that ensure that its members adhere to these values, is interpreted as a person’s â€Å"social structure.† Durkheim suggested two basicRead MorePsychological And Sociological Theories Persuade Human Behavior1680 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud has defined human behaviours as individual influenced by the structu re of society, objective and exists outside individual’s consciousness. The human behaviour and mind look at the human nature as a whole so that it produces some behaviour or to affect the behaviour of the other people around or group. It goes back to the 20th century. People like Freud, J Watson, BF Skinner, Maslow and a lot more others made it to be known. (Mcleod, 2013) This assignment will explore the ways in whichRead MoreA Study Of Crime Fell Into The Domain Of Metaphysicians, Penologists And Moralists1478 Words   |  6 Pagesfor criminal behavior but instead they propose abnormal personality type/traits or emotional maladjustments as the primary causes of crime (Akers Sellers, 2013, p.63). The psychological school of thought begins with Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytical approach. Freud did not directly attempt to address what causes criminal behavior, he was interested in explaining all behavior, including crime and he reasoned that if an explanation could be found for normal behavior then it could also explainRead More Discussing the Theory Modernization as a Cause of Secularization875 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs understood in religions support a more moral and, therefore, better society. As stated by sociologists, secularization has many levels of meaning, both as a theory and a historical process. Theoreticians such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim, postulated that the modernization of society would see a decline in levels of religiosity. The study of the process seeks to determine the manner in which, or extent to which religious doctrines, practices and institutions are

Crimes Committed by Women - 820 Words

Frequently, the image of women is associated with tenderness, care, and maternity, but sometimes the image is completely the opposite. Many different studies and books have been written about female offenders and circumstances that lead them to commit a crime. Belknap (2007) examines different theories and studies to determine the reason why a woman crosses the border of the law. There are a many different types of crimes that could be committed by women, such as property crimes and prostitution, but the most risky ones are drug related. Poverty, psychological problems, self- doubts and drug abuse lead women to become offenders. One of the most frequent types of female offenses is associated with drugs. Girls often get acquainted with drugs as adolescents and become addicted and later because of their delinquent behavior associated with addiction, they violate the law. For example, women are more easily drawn into alcoholism and drug addiction. Because of addiction, some women cease to value their family, work and begin an antisocial lifestyle. They are engaged in illegal acts for profit. Bush-Buskette (1999) made the observation â€Å"Poor woman who use street level drug experience additional societal stigma because they do not have the protective societal buffer enjoyed by woman who are insulated by their families, friends, and economic status†(p 216-217). The Differential Association Theory could be connected to an explanation of early drug addiction and the criminalShow MoreRelatedPersonal Crimes Paper1392 Words   |  6 Pages| Personal Crimes Paper | CJA/314Instructor Fred Sams | | Amber Jackson | 02/05/2011 | | Every crime has different characteristics that make it a crime, yet one characteristic that every crime shares is a perpetrator and a victim. Rape is a big problem in the United States. Each year thousands of women and men are raped, 17.7 million women have been raped at one point in their lives and 2.8 million men. Rape is considered the most unreported crime in the United States. InRead MoreWomen s Duration Of Criminal Crimes804 Words   |  4 Pagesclaims. The amount of crime women commit compared to the amount of crime men commit is still less in our society (Lecture). Women’s duration of criminal offenses usually starts earlier and ends earlier (Lecture). Men on the other hand usually commit crime later and they commit crime over a longer duration of time. Women that commit crime differ in the type and seriousness of crimes they commit compared to the type and seriousness of crime committed by men (Lecture). Men and Women are also committingRead MoreStereotyping of Female Offenders in the Criminal Justice System 980 Words   |  4 Pagesobvious that women are constantly being look down upon because of their sex. In general, women tend to be treated like fragile objects that could break at any moment; the truth is that women can be strong and courageous just like men. Society stereotypes women and the criminal justice system is no different. Throughout history, certain crimes have been separated into different categories base on their prevalence. For every crime, the offense and charge is different. In addition, not every crime is committedRead MoreIntroduction . There Are Several Different Types Of Crimes1620 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of crimes committed against the elderly. A person is usually defined as elderly when he or she turns sixty-five or retires. The elderly population makes up a significant part of the United States population. Also, the population is expanding as the baby boomer generation began to retire. The baby boomer generation has raised some concern, because it is suspected that the baby boomer generation will be wealthier than in the past. This could lead to an increase in crimes committed againstRead MoreWomen Who Are Incarcerated Face A Double Standard?994 Words   |  4 PagesWomen who are incarcerated face a double standard. Society are quick to assume that a woman who has committed a cri me has no remorse than a men when they have committed the same crime. They also can face a harsher punishment than men s. In the book couldn t keep it to myself, women speak about their crimes, and the reasoning of why they committed the crime. In my opinion I believe these women can be forgiven depending on how serious their crime is, thus, i also believe they are going to learnRead MorePlan to Improve Correctional Facilities979 Words   |  4 PagesSome women in jail may have committed similar crimes as their male counterparts. Most women inmates live in the same conditions as men inmates do, yet women inmates face issues that are far more different than male inmates. The purpose of this paper is to point out some of the issues women inmates face in their everyday life in prison, and offer suggestions as to improve those issues. Overall, the population of women in the criminal justice system is the fastest growing (Ramirez, 2012). Women inRead MoreMass Media s Influence On The Development Of Aggressive Behavior1558 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribe some of the instances that might amount to aggravated assault? Aggravated assault manifests itself in four different levels. When the act is committed with premediated and intentional malice to commit serious bodily injury, then it amounts to first degree aggravated assault. Second degree aggravated assault occurs when the act was committed without intent of premeditation while third and fourth degree aggravated assault entails attempts to cause significant rather than serious bodily harmRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tale Of Hecuba And Medea1327 Words   |  6 PagesEuripides’s plays Medea written in 431 BCE and Hecuba written in 420 BCE. shows the extent that a person would go to get revenge yet, both women had distinct reasons behind it. This paper will examine their reasons and beliefs that overall lead the two women to act against the people who hurt them. At the same time showing the differences between the two character’s crimes as well as their similarities. Therefore, examining what might be the significance behind their acts, did their perpetrators deserveRead MoreAn Assault On The Body And Mind1495 Words   |  6 PagesAn Assault on the Body and Mind â€Å"In the United States, rape is the most frequently committed but least reported violent crime† (Newman 205). According to the FBI, rape is defined as â€Å"unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will† (Futter, Mebane V). Seeing as though the legal definition of rape is limited, it makes it difficult for victims to prove that there was in fact a crime committed. In turn, this causes an influx of victims, as well as attackers. Society has distortedRead MoreSocial Work and the Criminal Justice System1282 Words   |  5 PagesJustice System Arrest crimes vary by sex. A little more than one fifth of all crimes are committed by women. Younger women, or juvenile women are twice as likely to be arrested. Men are more likely to commit violent crimes. Men commit murder nearly ten times the amount of women. Women commit more property crimes. Men are abandoning women which is making them commit crimes to raise and care for their family. Younger people are more likely to commit crimes. The crimes committed by young people tend

Public Pension Replacement Rates Free Essays

A social security is a program funded through the taxation of individuals pay. The taxes are deposited into various trust funds depending on the contract. Social security can not sustain all the promised benefits in future if it entirely relies on the current tax rates. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Pension Replacement Rates or any similar topic only for you Order Now This therefore implies that reforms are indispensible. This is due to the calamities that may follow the raising of taxes or a cut on benefits. Replacement income for prior earnings Income replacement is a pledge by the employer to continue paying an employee’s salary for a given period of time incase he becomes disabled or till the employee becomes eligible to coverage from the social security. The employee in this case is faced with the peril of the employer not honoring the pledge whereas in the agreement the employer is saved the expenses that cold be incurred through the purchase of insurance policies (FirstEnergy Corp, 2010). The salary coverage goes on for a few months but the limit is six months. Causes of Variance-Between Us and Greece Replacement Income Greece operates various schemes that have a rate of 105% on its gross replacement and 115%on its net replacement. The schemes in operations constitute of main and auxiliary social security programs. The different professions operate varying schemes and the biggest is the Insurance Institute (IKA). Most of the schemes in operation in Greece are absent in the USA. Greece adapted the euro as a national currency in 2001 as its national currency. Due to this, Greece was at liberty to borrow money at a lower interest rate. This money was also made available to its citizens and corporations, whom they borrowed at very low interest rates. The money obtained by the Greek government was use to repay debts and finance its budget. This expenditure made it possible to have a high supply of money in the economy. The US and Greece differ in terms on how their political institution are run. This is in terms of electoral levels and the government. In the US there is the issue of the majority rules while in Greece there is proportional representation. This therefore means that the people involved in making decisions do vary both in number and power. This has an impact on how the income replacement is structured and the guidelines in operations. The structure, size and redistribution of US and Greece differ greatly. Role of Greece’s Public Pension Replacement Rates on Its Debt Burden Currently Greece is being faced with a debt crisis (IMF, 2002). It is understood that very high amounts of debts were accumulated by the Greek government before the crisis struck of liquidity in the capital market. In the recent past these capital markets have become more illiquid thus making Greece to be faced with the possibility of defaulting (FirstEnergy Corp, 2010)). In responding to this problem, the Greece prime minister has emphasized repeatedly on the importance of long term reforms on the structure of Greece economy. Among these reforms is the reform on the pension scheme. The pension scheme in operation in Greece is one of the most generous schemes in known in Europe. Evasion of contribution to the social security program is a rampant thing and the government has promised to take tremendous actions against the evaders. This will ensure that the contribution rises thus providing the government with money at its disposal to pay some of the debts it owes. The government is also contemplating on the issue of increasing the retirement age of persons from the age of 61years to 63 years. Opposing some of the mode used to calculate the pension scheme in application of five years of worked by some civil service schemes, the calculations will entirely rely on a lifetime. This will in return provide some cash to be used in offsetting debts owed by the government. A crack down on the social security programs and carrying out reforms will prevent misappropriation of funds by corrupt officials (IMF, 2002). References FirstEnergy Corp (2010). Declares Unchanged Common Stock Dividend. Mergers Acquisitions Business pg. 271. IMF. (2002). Greece, selected issues. International Monetary Fund. 58 How to cite Public Pension Replacement Rates, Papers

Outline Part free essay sample

In 1865, only a small group of politicians supported black suffrage. All were radical Republicans, led by Charles Sumner and Thatched Stevens. They helped pass the Reconstruction Act. Lincoln plan In December 1 863, Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty/ Reconstruction, enabled southern states to rejoin Union if at least 10 % would take an oath of allegiance and accept emancipation. Lincoln hoped to undermine the Confederacy by establishing pro-union governments within it and build a southern Republican party.Passed by Radical Republicans, The Wade-Davis Bill (1864) provided that a military governor would rule each roomer Confederate state; after at least half the eligible voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union, delegates could be elected to a state convention that would repeal secession and abolish slavery. Lincoln Pocket-vetoed this bill, making many congressmen angry. Nowhere in the U. S. Was African-American suffrage a thing yet. Presidential Reconstruction under Johnson He was the only southern senator to remain in Congress when his state seceded, served as military governor of Tennessee from 1862 to 1864. He was a lifelong Democrat who had been added to the Republican ticket in 1 864 o broaden its appeal and who had become president by accident. Against Republican desires in 1 865, Johnson made a proclamation that brought back southern states still without reconstruction governments- Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas. All southerners who took oath would be provided personal amnesty by Johnson. By the end of 1 865, Presidential Reconstruction had caused all 7 states to create new civil governments that restored the status quo from before.Confederate officers and large planters assumed state offices. All 7 states kook steps to ensure a landless, dependent black labor force: they passed black codes to replace the slave codes, which established things like racial segregation in public places; prohibited racial intermarriage, jury service by blacks, and court testimony by blacks against whites. The black codes left freedmen no longer slaves b ut not really liberated either. Congress vs.. Johnson Moderate Republicans, the largest congressional bloc, agreed with radicals that Johnnys plan was too feeble, but they did not want to publicly oppose the President.Nothing was really done for a while. 2 proposals to invalidate lacked, drafted by moderate Republican, Lyman Truthful, wonder support 1 Continuation of the Freedmans Bureau which provided relief, rations, and medical care; built schools for freed blacks; put them to work on abandoned or confiscated lands; and tried to protect their rights as laborers. Congress extended the the bureaus life for 3 years and gave it power to run special military courts, to settle labor disputes, and to invalidate labor contracts forced on freedmen by the black codes. 2. A bill that made blacks U.S. Citizens with the same civil rights as other citizens and authorized federal intervention in the states to ensure black rights in court. 3. Neither one of these bills passed because they were both vetoed by Andrew Johnson. Congress overrode his vetoes; the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first major law ever passed over a veto. The president had alienated moderate Republicans, who now joined Radicals to oppose him. The 14th Amendment (1866) First Clause- all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens of the nation and of their states.This section nullified the Dried Scott case from 1857. Second- guaranteed that if a state denied suffrage to any of its ale citizens, its representation in Congress would be proportionally reduced. This did not guarantee black suffrage but was half way there and they specifically said male citizens, angered womens suffrage advocates, major setback for them. Third- it disqualified from state and national office all prewar officeholders who had supported the Confederacy, unless Congress removed this ban with a 2/3 vote.Finally- it repudiated the Confederate debt and maintained the validity of the federal debt. This amendment created a firestorm; no one liked every single part of it, including the President. Congressional Reconstruction (1866-1867) Congress passed the Reconstruction Act Of 1867. Johnson vetoed it Congress then passed it over veto The Impeachment Crisis (1867-1868) In March 1867, The Tenure Of Office Act was passed which prohibited the president from removing civil officers without Senate consent The goal was to stop Johnson from firing Secretary of War Edwin B. Stanton, a Radical Republican.Also the president could not issue military orders except through commanding general Ulysses S. Grant, who could not be removed by the Perez, only Senate. Johnson did replace Stanton and Congress had a reason to impeach. The House approved 11 charges of impeachment, 9 based on violation of Tenure of Office Act. Other charges accused him of being unmindful of the high duties of office, seeking to disgrace Congress, not enforcing the Reconstruction. In court Johnnys lawyers maintained that he was only seeking a court test by violating the Tenure of Office Act, which was claimed unconstitutional.They also said the law did not protect Stanton because he was an appointee of Lincoln and not Johnson. He was guilty of nothing that was tried in normal courts. Late in May 1 868, the senate voted against Johnson 35 to 19, one vote short of the 2/3 needed to convict. They set a precedent: their vote discouraged impeachment on political grounds for decades to come. The 15th Amendment and the Question of Womens Suffrage (1869-1870) The 15th amendment sought to protect black suffrage in the south, who would now presumably vote Republican. It prohibited the denial of suffrage by the states to any citizen on account of race, or servitude Democrats argued that it violated states rights by denying each state leverage over who would vote. They did not control enough states to deny his amendment, it was passed in 1870. The amendment neither guaranteed black office holding nor prohibited voting restrictions such as property requirements and literacy tests. (loop holes to deny black voting) In Elizabeth Caddy Stanton and Susan B. Anthony view the 14th Amendment had disabled women by including the word male, and the 1 5th Amendment failed to remedy this injustice.The battle over black suffrage and the 1 5th Amendment split womens rights advocates into rival suffrage associations, the Boston based American Women Suffrage Association was endorsed by Julia Ward Howe and Lucy Stone and believed in universal male suffrage. Opposing was the New York based National Women Suffrage Association led by Stanton and Anthony who condemned f ormer male allies. Susan B. Anthony embroiled about seventy women to vote on womens suffrage nationwide in 1 872, but she was indicted, convicted, and fined.Missouri suffragist Virginia Minor brought suit with her husband against voter registrars who had excluded her. In Minor v. Happiest (1875), the Supreme Court declared that a state could constitutionally deny women the vote. Reconstruction Governments Beginning in 1 865, freedmen organized conventions where they protested ill treatment/demanded rights Race Riots erupted in major southern cities, such as Memphis in May 1866 and New Orleans later. Congressional Reconstruction, took effect in 1867. The Johnson regimes were dismantled, state constitutional conventions met, and voters elected new state governments, Republicans dominated. Republican rule was brief, lasting less than a decade in all southern states, far less in most, bag. 5 years The governments formed under congressional Reconstruction were unique in the oral because black men including slaves participated in them. A New Electorate Laws through 1867-1868 transformed the southern electorate by temporarily disfranchising 1 0 to 15 % of potential white voters and by enfranchising more than 700,000 freedmen.To Democrats, Southern Republicans comprised three types of scoundrels: northern carpetbaggers who had allegedly come south seeking wealth power; southern scalawags, predominantly poor and ignorant whites; and hordes of uneducated freedmen, who were ready to prey for Republican manipulators 20,000 northern migrants (carpetbaggers)- including veterans, missionaries, teachers, and Freedmans Bureau agents- headed sou th immediately after the war, many soon returned north. Those who stayed held almost one out of three state offices and wielded disproportionate political power.Scalawags, white southerners who supported the Republicans, included entrepreneurs who applauded party policies such as the national banking system and high protective tariffs. Unlike carpetbaggers, they lacked commitment to black rights Or black suffrage. Freedmen provided eight out of ten Republican votes. Republican rule lasted longer in states with more blacks. Blacks served in all southern legislatures but constituted the majority only in South Carolina. Black officeholders formed a political elite, they often differed from black voters in background and education.Republican Rule Freedmen delegates helped abolish property qualifications for office holding, made appointive offices elective, and redistributed state legislatures more equally. All states now had universal male suffrage. Hoping to attract northern investment to the reconstructed South, southern Republicans hesitates to threaten property rights or to adopt land reform measures that rather Republicans had rejected. Once civil power shifted from the federal army to the new state governments, Republican regimes began ambitious programs of public works. Building bridges, roads, and public buildings) They also expanded state bureaucracies, raised pay for government jobs, formed state militia (predominantly black), and they created a public school system which had been non-existent before. These changes cost millions and taxes skyrocketed, people began to complain about Republican rule in the south and heavy corruption did not help. Northern tax rates still exceeded southern rates. Counterattacks In 1868-1869, Georgia Democrats challenged the eligibility of black legislatures and expelled them from offices.In response, the federal government reestablished military rule in Georgia. Democrats backed dissident Republican factions, elected some Democratic legislators, reduced blacks votes and lured scalawags away from the Republican party. In 1865, Freedmans Bureau agents itemized outrages against blacks, including shooting, murder, rape, arson, and inhuman beating. Vigilante groups sprung up everywhere in the south. Confederate war veterans in Tennessee formed the UK Klux Klan, distinguished by elaborate rituals, hooded costumes, and secret passwords.

Trent Parke free essay sample

Trent Parke Artist Trent Parke was born in 1971, he was raised in Newcastle, New South Wales and is the first Australian to become a Full Member of the renowned photographers’ cooperative Magnum Photo Agency. When he was little he use to use the laundry room as a dark room. He had began taking photography’s at the age of 12. Today he now works as a street photography and therefore received many awards such as the World Press Photo Awards- 1999, 2000 , 2001 and 2005. assignment help reviews In 2006 he was awarded the ABN AMRO emerging artist award. He has also received the prestigious W Eugene Smith Award for humanistic photography in 2003, for his epic road trip around Australia, â€Å"Minutes to Midnight†. Trent Parke also gave an inspirational speech about the early stages of his life at the Fremantle Arts Centre, he talked about his cadetship at the Newcastle Herald while after also moving to Sydney years later where he had covered Australian cricket for News Limited for more than five years. We will write a custom essay sample on Trent Parke or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the same time he was still not that sure on what her wanted to do with the rest of his life, so he bought a Leica and was introduced to Rodinal (a high contrast and personal way of processing and printing his images). His mothers death had also inspired him, and released that life is meant to be enjoyed, therefore don’t waste a moment in life Artwork Trent Parkes photograpy is all about magic and illusion and the love of life and the story that is being told. His Albums are normally inspired by what is current happening in his life whether its experiencing a road trip or the birth of his new-born son. Whatever his next album is, it is always about an important event that has happened or happening in his life, his albums are his feelings and emotions of an event which he has expressed in photography For his photography he has been awarded five Gold Lenses from the International Olympic Committee (1996, 1997 and 1998) and the Canon Photo Essay Prize in 2000 Sasakawa World Sports Awards. His photos have always had a fictional element that is a part of something bigger and working with Alisdair Foster from ACP has been an important part of the life as it leads Trent Parke towards his own vision. He has pushed many boundaries therefore he has gone to medium format and colour as his photos were now about time and life and became the next phase in his work. His new photo â€Å"Black Rose† has returned to black and white and medium and large format and he is analyzing new directions and questioning the past, present and the future, chance and fate and is a trip back to his childhood. Therefore return to an understanding of what is important for him in as an Australia using the country as inspiration. Audience Trent’s photographic work has been widely shown, including recent solo exhibitions in New York, London and Germany. â€Å"Minutes To Midnight† was shown at The Australian Centre for Photography in January to Febuary in 2005, in conjunction with the Sydney Festival which had became the most highly-attended show in the recorded history of the AC. Further more when he had given his speech at the Fremantle Arts Centre, the audience was very inspired and surprised as they never thought that he would take part in a job such as sports commentating as he has worked with photographs since the very early stages of his life. Park has also published two books, Dream/Life in 1999, and The Seventh Wave with partner, Narelle Autio in 2000. The reading of these books really inspired the audience. Also not so long ago in 2006, the National Gallery of Australia acquired Parke’s entire Minutes to Midnight exhibition. World Ever since the birth of his son, he has seen the world differently as he began to change his style of photography by applying different colours and formats to suit his inspiration. This is how his viewpoint of the world changed and has always been changing ever since as every photo album that he creates, conveys a different message for a different purpose. Also, before he published his collection â€Å"Minutes Of Midnight†, he went around travelling all around the country in 2003 reaching a total distance of 90,000 km gathering ideas and inspiration for his photographic collection.

Contitution and Systems of the State Essays - Free Essays

Contitution and Systems of the State Essays - Free Essays Contitution and Systems of the State The California State Constitution establishes and describes the obligations, authority, organization and function of the California state government. The main articles of the California State Constitution deal with everything from establishment of personal rights, to governmental election processes, to procedures available to amend or revise the document. Many of the rights explained - and the procedures for election processes that are elucidated in the document - are in direct conjunction with that of the US Constitution. The California State Constitution also clarifies the services that the judicial, educational, and social systems of the state provide. The following should not only further introduce the main articles of the California State Constitution and compare their premises to those of the US Constitution, but should also identify the current effectiveness of the aforementioned state-provided judicial, educational and social systems. The first main article of the California State Constitution is Article one itself: Declaration of Rights (leginfo.ca.gov, n.d.). This article lays out the rights of California citizens and is very closely tied to the rights explained in the US Constitution, more specifically to the Bill of Rights. For instance, section two of Article one of the California Constitution deals with freedom of speech, assembly, and of press, as does the first amendment to the US Constitution (The Federal Convention, 1787). In fact most of the rights explained in the entire first Article of the California Constitution are direct replicas of the rights listed in the Bill of Rights. One exception is the sixth section, which prohibit slavery, a right not guaranteed by the US Constitution until the thirteenth amendment was ratified in 1865 (US Congress, 1865). Articles four through six are also of significance as they outline the three government branches that compose the State?s government body. Much like the US Constitutional outline, California has elected officials to Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches (leginfo.ca.gov, n.d.). The differences are in the actual positions. For instance, where the federal executive branch is made up of the President and his or her cabinet members, California?s executive branch consists of the Governor, as well as other elected state officers including the Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Controller, Insurance Commissioner, Secretary of State, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Treasurer, and member of the State Board of Equalization (leginfo.ca.gov, n.d.). Proposition 140 was passed in 1990 and was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals in the case of Bates v. Jones consequently limited the available terms for state officers to two per position (Ballotpedia, 2010). This was just one of the many revisions to the original Constitution that has been made over the course of California?s history. Articles two and eighteen of the California Constitution outline the different ways changes can be made to the Constitution (Ballotpedia, 2010). California's constitution can be amended through statewide votes of the electorate, or through a process beginning with a constitutional convention (Ballotpedia, 2010). This also is relative to the US Constitution as it too can be amended or revised as seen fit by the citizens it embodies. Other important policies and procedures that are laid out in the California Constitution have to do with the systems set in place by the government in order to assist California citizens in judicial, educational and social matters. The Judicial system, which is outlined in Article 6 of the Constitution, is made up of the Supreme court, courts of appeal, and superior courts of the State (leginfo.ca.gov, n.d.). There are six superior court districts divided between the 57 counties of California, which have general subject matter jurisdiction and handle both civil and criminal cases (Guide to California Law, n.d.). The responsibility of the California court of appeal is to identify errors made at the superior court level and to remedy those cases. The California Supreme Court is the highest court in the state, and is the rule-making body for the state court system. The seven justices that compose the California Supreme Court are the final decision-makers in California?s judicial matters and their decisions may only be appealed to the United States Federal Supreme Court if there is a federal issue involved (Guide to California Law, n.d.). The educational system in California is outlined in Article nine of the

REMAX Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

REMAX - Research Paper Example Their business model was such that the agents were required to devote in the brokerage operations, and in response they would receive a braod range of support services from the firm. This business strategy of Remax worked and currently the company is present in more than 80 nations across the work and ahs over 90,000 agents involved with it (Remax, 2012). Thus, it can be stated that Remax is well managed and can have infinite success in the future. This paper would focus on the management style of Remax in context of four managerial functions, namely, planning, organizing, leadership, and controlling. Remax utilises a â€Å"streamlined mangement system†, as a result of which problems are foreseen and decisions are put into action rapidly, proficiently and successfully to help the company and its agents. The strenghth and stability of Remax’s leadership in conjugation with â€Å"turn-on-a-dime flexibility† assists in guaranteeing that the company will be able to w ithstand any economic condition, as it has been able to in the past forty years (Remax, 2012). Over the period, the company had build up a variety of business development resources and systems, which comprise of, a strong brand name and its awareness worldwide, on demand guidance and training, international lead generation structures, and updated technology. Historical Perspective of Remax The concept of Remax was simple and since the beginning, Dave and Gail Liniger believed that the agents or the brokers were the biggest assets and also the most immediate client for the real estate business. Thus, Remax had always focussed primarily on attracting and retaining quality agents and providing them an extremely professional atmosphere. The vision of Dave Liniger was to build a real estate company that people could approach anywhere across the globe for their real estate needs, recognizing that only experienced and qualified professionals would cater their case. Remax had remained true to its same beliefs over the years and have evolved as the leading real estate network in the world. Remax provides its agents with the power of an internationally renowned brand, quality and professionalism of sales associates, latest service support, and a fortified market share in the real estate industry. Remax believes that the strong point of the company’s system is the superiority and class of its Sales Associates. Hence from the beginning, the company’s focus has been to offer the superior class agents with instruments and services to assist them to succeed. By drawing quality agents and endowing them with training, guidance, support in addition to the liberty to run their businesses according to their choice, the company has evolved as a leading real estate organization in the world (Remax, n.d.). Remax has been successful in developing a fortified global network of sales force that has helped in establishing the Remax brand to billions of buyers and sellers i n the real estate market. Assessment of the Management Style of Remax The planinng of Remax is based on the notion that the success of the company depends on the success of its agents and sales associates. Hence the company attempts to provide a professional environment conductive for learning to its human resources. The Growth Model that has been followed by the Management of Remax is as

Australian supermarket Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Australian supermarket - Essay Example The objective of the paper is to market analysis of an Australian supermarket. The paper will delve on all the economic and business aspects of the supermarket industry. The paper contains a detailed review of the current market structure in this sector of business, encompassing a study about the pricing power policies and the demand, supply factors. The paper will include a report of the chosen business with data and statistics about the industry’s growth and competitors in the business. The purpose of the paper is to work on a detailed business review report touching on topics like price, income and cross elasticity, Input prices and cost of production, substitute services available in the market, products and services that complement this service, and a complete SWOT analysis.Industry Overview and Market structure.The paper under all subheadings will explain the microeconomic theory behind the heading in correlation to the supermarket industry. The Australian supermarket an d the grocery store industry accounted for $69.5b as industry revenue in the year 2008. With an annual industry growth of 4.7%, the industry has 4300 establishments providing employment to 259,200 people. The two major players in the Australian market are the Woolworths and the Wesfarmers formerly known as the Coles. The Woolworths and Coles feature in the 22nd and 29th place respectively in the list of top 50 retailers around the world. In a report by Blake Dawson named 'Rising Grocery Prices and Australia's Anti-trust laws', Woolworths leads the supermarket industry with 750 stores holding a market share of 44% and Coles with 500 stores holding a market share of 34%. The New entry Germany's Aldi has 300 stores holding a market share of 4%. The supermarket industry like all other industries is under heavy pressure due to the current global turmoil and Dr. Ira Kalish, Deloitte Research's Director of Consumer Business, advised, "We are seeing this already with consumers shifting to m ore price focused retailers. For all retailers, this environment will require added attention to keeping costs under control." The paper will report a detailed analysis on the Wesfarmers Super Market. Find below and in the forthcoming pages the History, market share , pricing , competitors, costs, market forces and a SWOT analysis of the Coles the now Wesfarmers Supermarket. Body: The Coles opened its first store in the year 1914 by George Coles. Over years the company has grown and spread its wings far and wide and today Coles has over 740 stores in both New Zealand and Australia. The Supermarket caters to a whole range of customers and stands out remarkably for its services and is the number two chain of supermarket in Australia next to Woolworths. Employing more than 92000 people the Coles has specialized departments for Health, baby food, Health and Beauty Department, Meat Department Fruits and Vegetables Department, Deli (Pizza Bar) and the international and specialty Department. The Coles was acquired by Wesfarmers Ltd in the end of the year 2007. Pricing Power and Policies: The pricing power or market power of a firm is the power exerted by the firm to determine or influence the price of the products sold or the services provided. In other words, the freedom of Coles to set prices for their own products. Pricing power of a firm largely depends on the demand for its goods and services. A firm enjoys the maximum pricing power depending upon the price elasticity if its product or service. Price Elasticity according to Mulhearn and Vane in the book 'Economics' is "measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a particular good or service to changes in its price ." Coles being the second largest supermarket chain in Australia to a certain extent does dictate prices and enjoys an edge over smaller retail stores. However in a Public submission report to the ACCA (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission) Coles has stated "Coles is committed to delivering value to customers every day.

Classical Music, Beethoven, Verdi, & Wagner Essay

Classical Music, Beethoven, Verdi, & Wagner - Essay Example The word Romanticism originated from the age old chivalry and adventure which was rooted in the Middle Ages. Beethoven was much taken by the ideals of the enlightenment and by French Revolution in Europe and he believed in universal brotherhood. The Romantic Period consisted of the aesthetic approach, especially in literature, and other art forms. Beethoven was called a Romantic by his contemporaries such as Spohr and E.T.A. Hoffman. However, he was influenced by the Romantic Folk Idioms and he set dozens of Romantic poems for voice, piano, and violin. It was quite amazing that when Beethoven created his masterpieces, he was in distress burdened with many personal problems. But despite the conflicts in his life, he remained committed to the art and his legacy to the music form will ever remain unsurpassed   Giuseppe Verdi, who was more than a composer, was a dramatist, and an artist who used music as an instrument to convey the art of classical drama. His contributions to Classicis m were 28 Operas, which were purely dramatic compositions. â€Å"No one would ever accuse Giuseppe Verdi of being a classicist at heart but his string quartet has this same view at its heart-- it is an intimate home entertainment. Along with his 28 operas, Verdi wrote a famous Requiem and Four beautiful Sacred pieces for choir, a handful of occasional pieces and...one string quartet, not only his one piece of chamber music but his one and only piece of purely instrumental music.† (Mendelssohn, Verdi, Dvorak, 2002).  

Global Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism

Global Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism According to the authors research, the basic summary of this report is that Accor is one of the leading hotel brands in the hospitality market with more than 4,000 hotels world wide. The Accor is the brand name for various hotels such as Sofitel, Novotel, Motel 6, Studio 6, Red Roof Inn, Ibis, Etap, and Formula1. For the expansion of the business in the global market, the Accor group of hotels are continuously concentrating for the expansion of the new properties in various emerging countries like China, India where the rate of tourism has been increasing at a tremendous rate and help to improve the economic structure of the country. The following report will outline the overall information about the companys global brand, strategies, global competitors, its promotion strategies etc. The report also focuses on the total global operations of the company that how its doing the promotion of its brands in UK as well as in India. The Accor brand have to organise their strategy very carefu lly as they have huge competitors in the market. Accor brand have different segment market hotel like Budget, economical, midscale upscale. INTRODUCTION Paris-based Accor is Europes leading hospitality group with almost 4,000 hotels in 85 countries around the world. In 1967 Gà ©rard Pelisson and Paul Dubrule opened their first Novotel hotel on a roadside near Lille in northern France. Accor provides hotels in every range, from the five-star Sofitel chain to budget-priced Formule 1, Etap, and Ibis in Europe, Motel 6 and Red Roof Inns in the United States, and midrange Novotel and Mercure in Europe and the Asia/Pacific region. In addition to its hotel properties, Accor also provides its worldwide customer base with foodservices (restaurants and employee vouchers), casinos, and onboard railway services (sleeping berths and dining) (www.accor.com/history.html).The Accor group primarily operates a chain of hotels and also provides corporate service. The group has a global presence and has properties worldwide. The Accor brand manages 899 hotels in Europe (excluding France) with 53 Sofitel, 161 Novotel, 270 Mercure, 6 Suite hotels, 278 Ib is, 85 Etap Hotels, 44 Formule 1 with 39,000 employees. All hotels have a different rating according to their standard and services under Accor. Accor hotel has a rich history started its first hotel in 1967 and now managing more than 4000 hotels world wide with different brand names. Sofitel: Sofitel hotel operates worlds leading business in the upper scale market. The Sofitel hotels consist of 185 hotels worldwide with leading competitors for the 5 star rating hotels in the market. Novotel: The Novotel hotels comes under mid scale rating brand in the market with 398 hotels world wide and mostly business depends on the business travelers. Mercure: The Mercure hotel includes several other brands such as Libertel, Parthenon, Orbis hotels. The Mercure brand consists of 736 hotels worldwide. Suite hotels: Suite hotels were introduced in the year 1999 with a very new concept of attracting price conscious customers with better services. Currently, the Suite hotels consist of 30 properties with in France, Germany. Ibis: The Ibis hotels comprise of 720 properties world wide providing excellent services to their customers and most of the Ibis hotels are located in the centre of the city. Redroof: The Redroof consists of 344 properties with in the United States and have the economy rating image in the market in terms of excellence in services in the hospitality market. Motel 6: Motel 6 offers the best price of any national chain .In the year 1962, the Motel 6 were offering there accommodation at a very low price of $6 per night and now a days have a great image in the budget segment in the hospitality sector. The Motel 6 operates 862 hotels in the United states and Canada ( www. motel6.com) Etap: The Etap brand operates 331 hotels worldwide. Etap hotels are basically known for there economy accommodations (www.accor.com). Accor focuses repeatedly on a specific vision for growth, and believes in sustainable, profitable growth through three pillars: A geographically and structurally balanced business portfolio. A disciplined, result oriented management of resources and assets. A set of powerful aligned brands. These pillars stood throughout Accors network expansion and continue to guide Accors growth. Accor also adjusted its strategy for moving into India in late 2002. While entering into the Indian market they decided to focus on the brands such as Ibis, Formule 1 and Etap brands in the markets through a joint venture. The basic rationale for introducing small brands into India was to see the response of the people in Indian market that whether they prefer budget hotels or they would like to go with big brands such as Sofitel, Novotel and then depending on these tests Accor determined to fully enter the Indian market (www.accorcompanyhistory.mht.com). MAIN BODY History of the chosen brand (Sofitel) Accor Group:- The first Sofitel hotel was opened in France in 1964. In 1974 Sofitel did grand opening of their hotel in U.S.A. in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Till the year 1995 it included 100 hotels with, 12,500 employees throughout 40 countries worldwide. In 2002 it did major International expansion, Sofitel opens its doors in Europe (London, Marseille, Cologne) Africa (Marrakech) North America (Chicago, Washington, Montreal)South America (Quito) and Asia (Shanghai, Bangkok) (www.sofitel.com/gb/history.shtml). The company undertook extensive renovation work at several establishments, in 2006 including Los Angeles the signature Sofitel hotel in the United States, and Polynesia and continued expanding in Europe. Sofitel brand awareness of continually increasing 10 of its hotels made the Gold list of the prestigious Condà © Nast Traveller magazine, and it was voted Best Hotel Chain in Europe by the readers of Business Traveller Magazine. Sofitel became an independent business unit last year (2008) w ithin the Accor group and implemented its new luxury strategy on its network. With a network comprised of 161 hotels in 2008, Sofitel has received 23 awards since January. By the end of the year, 70 properties were brought in line with the brands new prestige image. In 2009 Sofitel launched its two sister brands, Sofitel Legend and So by Sofitel (www.sofitel.com/gb/history.shtml). Rationale for selected country: As Emerging Markets turn into the growth engines of the 21st century, slower growth at home has led investors and hotel companies to pursue aggressive expansion abroad as they look to capture new customers and grow winning global brands. At time when most companies are trading carefully, Accor Hospitality is showing confidence in the Indian market by its continued investments in Indian projects whereas freezing those in China until 2011. As Jean-Michel Casse, VP India Operations for the group talked about its assured investments and developments in India. India market is unpredictable, yet there is a strong hope of demand increases this year because in 2010 the Commonwealth games are taking place in Indian in New Delhi. Accor hotels group is investing in India through a joint venture with Inter Globe Hotels, for Ibis hotel brand in India. The products developing in India are much more advanced than its existing European properties and the Accor group is putting best efforts in devel oping them. The short term target for the company is to have 30 hotels under its operations, under different brands by 2011. Accor has also successfully bid for two sites at Delhi International Airport Private Limited (DIAL) proposed hotel district development, for which market feasibility study is being carried out to identify the right brand positioning. The company is opening Sofitel Mumbai (which is the main business hub of the country as well as house of the Bollywood or Indian film industry) Juhu Beach. This will be third property in the country, after Novotel Hyderabad Airport and Novotel Hyderabad. On the other hand, the group is also progressing with its budget brand Formule1. The group committed to open nine Formule1 developments in cities including one in Thiruvananthapuram (most tourist visited city in Kerala) and targeting to add 10 new deals each year for this brand as the business will grow. The first Formule1 brand will be operational by the second half of 2010 in Pune (the famous city for best engineering colleges), Bangalore (garden city of India) and Ahmedabad. Accor Hospitality also brought its mid scale Mercure brand to India.. (http://www.expresshospitality.com/20090630/market07.shtml) On managing its properties in India, Accor has taken a decision to train managers for top positions from within to address the groups stringent brand philosophy and strategy need in India, looking at future demand for manpower. Their different brands have different approach. They look at empowering skills to remove layers, for example, in Ibis and for Novotel, Mercure and Formule1, just cannot take anybody who doesnt understand their brand structure. To inculcate that understanding, the group plan to conduct training for employees of the hotels so that they can be trained to manage properties as they expand, in future. The group has already planned for a training university Accor Academy, to be opened in 2010 and would be established with possible partnership along with an Indian hotel management institute. The group is taking this step to get more Indians for the management level by first getting them trained, positioning them in the European market and bring them back to manage pro perties in India. The Accor Academy will be established in Bengaluru, Hyderabad or Delhi, depending on the volume of employees (http://www.expresshospitality.com/20090630/market07.shtml) According to the (Keegan1995) global marketing is the process of focusing on the resources (people, management and physical assets) and the objectives of an organization on its global markets opportunities and threats. Today global marketing is essential not only for the realization of the full success potential of the business, but even more critically for the survival of the business. Key drivers for the global marketing:- Market needs: According to Keegan (1995) this is the factor that generally focuses the company to operate globally by seeing overall marketing needs like what customer demands. Every human has its own preferences and due to which demand for everyone differs. Company before going globally should first target the market needs as to see what kind of product will be useful to the customer. According to the selected company (Sofitel) and the chosen country (India) should introduce the product which is affordable to everyone in the market so as to capture the good market share. For this company should first target that what kind of customers it is going to provide the services. Market needs in context to hospitality industry means that what kind of facilities the hotel is providing. Accor group of hotels have different brands operating under it. So every brand has its own target market and different strategies. Generally, customer demands when they travel a good comfortable place to stay, quality food and leisure activities or facilities. So the hotel should first analyse its target market, that what kind of customers, it is going to provide its facilities and services. Doing analyses on the market needs helps the company to compete globally with its other competitors. Some basic segment needs can be met with a global approach in selected product markets. The advertising campaign for a global product may be a good appeal for a company to introduce its product all over the world and also meeting the market needs (Keegan 1995). Technology: It is a universal, uniform, consistent factor across national and cultural boundaries. If a company knows how to manage the technology in one country it becomes easier for the company to manage globally. There are no cultural boundaries limiting the application of technology. Once, technology develops it becomes available everywhere in the world. For the chosen company for this report it is necessary to develop its technology accordingly by considering both the markets UK as well as India. It should do so, to make its product familiar everywhere (Jobber, 2001 Anderson, 1994). Cost: The pressure for globalisation is intense as new products involve major investments and long period of development. Uniformity can drive down research, engineering, design and production cost across business functions. The large cost incurred on new products and risk of product development may be recovered in the global market place as no single market is enough to support investment of the size. Quality: The quality of the product reflects the intended function and performance of the product in the market. Quality of the product which a global company offers to the market is the main driver which forces the company to operate globally. If, the response of the product quality is good in one country, than company may seek to open or become global by providing the same level of product quality to other global markets, so as to sustain in the global market. As Sofitel, which in high category is the most preferred brand of the Accor group of hotels for the customers, is due to its product similarity and quality which it provides to the guest (Hennesey1995 Keegan 1995). Brands Global Competitors: As Sofitel hotel comes under upscale star category so the competitors of this brand in hospitality industry are mainly Grand Hyatt (Hyatt group), Taj hotels, the Oberois, Radisson, Crown plaza, Shangri-la. Due to such high range of competitors Sofitel is providing good services to its guests so as to get good revenue from its customers. In order to compete in the market it is opening its 5 new hotels in India (Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Jaipur Pink City, and New Delhi). Keeping in mind the current scenario of business environment that is recession the hotel should also keep an eye on its price .Due to recession, customers now seek quality service at low price(e.g.: Holiday Inn brand has been relaunched with upgrading its services and this is done in time of recession so that it gets attraction from the customers to get good business) so in order to get in stand with their competitors it should introduce some good price to the market and try to provide good level of services as it is already providing but at a affordable rate. Sofitel believes it is essential to contribute to their development and well-being, which includes employment and training, contributing to health, local purchasing and, in general, any measure that contributes to local social and economic development. The quality of their local roots also depends on the ability to protect the natural environment. So the employees look for new ways every day to use less water and less energy, to reduce waste. Since, from the opening of the first Sofitel in France in 1964, team members have been driven by a pioneering spirit of conquest. A key to their success, this attitude has over the years shaped the brands culture, which is the cement that binds their team members while respecting difference in their ages, cultures and positions within the organization (www.sofitel.com/gb/history.html). Cultural issues which may affect the companys operation: Language differences: this is problem concerning towards the different languages spoken in different countries. So, company operating globally should take care and respect the languages of different countries. The trade names, brands slogans, sales presentation material and advertising content used by companies in their domestic market may have to be changed when used in other foreign market. A slogan or advertising material which is effective in one language may mean offensive in other language. Companies while advertising or marketing their brand should see that translation is accurate and must convey similar meaning (Kotler and Armstrong (2004). Cultural differences: as stated by Chee and Harris (1993) dimensions of culture (e.g. religion, beliefs and attitudes, education) also play important role in the communication process. Cultures also affect the likes and dislikes of the customers, their attitudes towards things and preferences for particular product and services. Keeping in mind the Indian market, company needs to take care of the cultural values and should know cultural likes and dislikes in order to get success in the future as company is going to introduce new products and properties in the market. Economic differences: economic condition also affects the communication process. Literacy level and the degree of urbanization have a significant influence on communication. The discretionary income of individuals and families directly affect their attitudes towards products. Necessities in one country can be luxurious in other country (Kotler and Armstrong (2004). Pricing for the brand and its strategies: One of the major elements of the marketing mix is price. As stated by Anderson (1994), Pricing is an important strategic issue because it is related to product positioning. Furthermore, pricing affects other marketing mix elements such as product features, channel decisions, and promotion. But according to Jobber (2001) price is a vital part of whole marketing process. It may also be a factor in determining the sales of the product. Every company should fix it price according to the demand of the product, high price may result in less demand in highly competitive market. If company wants to sell the product at higher price, then it should add more value to its existing product as to compete in the market with other similar products. Before deciding the price, company should set a target of what it actually wants to achieve in the marketplace. Setting the price which is affordable to everyone can help the company to increase the sales of the product and also helps to capture a large m arket share. While there is no single definition to determine pricing, the following is a general sequence that might be followed for developing the pricing of a new product as Sofitel is deciding to open its more hotels in India. Develop marketing strategy perform marketing analysis to ensure that what kind of customers they are going to target and positioning of the older products so as to see what was the response of customers towards it and also to set the price according the target market which help in increasing demand. Make marketing mix decisions define the product through advertising so that the customers are known about the upcoming product in the market as Indian customers are very easily attracted towards new products by seeing its more and more advertising, distribution of the product in the target market by marketing professionals in that area, and by adopting several promotional techniques such as using media (television, newspapers, magazines and broachers(www.hospitalitybusiness.com Jobber(2001). Estimate the demand curve understand how quantity demanded varies with price. Because there is a relationship between price and quantity demanded, it is important to understand the impact of pricing on sales by estimating the demand curve for the product. As during this time in the UK market recession has affected very badly so hotel group should reduce the price of its rooms but shouldnt cut down the level of service it is providing currently to its customers. Where as Indian economy is increasing at good rate so it can increase its price little bit by increasing some added facilities to its products. If in future the company sees increase in demand then it can increase the price accordingly. Calculate cost -as discussed by Hennesy (1995) include fixed and variable costs associated with the product. If the firm has decided to launch the product, there likely is at least a basic understanding of the costs involved otherwise, there might be no profit to be made. The production cost of the product sets the lower limit of what the firm might charge, and determines the profit margin at higher prices. The total unit cost of a producing a product is composed of the variable cost of producing each additional unit and fixed costs that are incurred regardless of the quantity produced. The pricing policy should consider both types of costs. Understand environmental factors evaluate competitor actions to compete in the market and should see that what strategies are used by others competitors in the market in order to get good business, understand legal constraints towards the environment, to save it and to become environment friendly. Pricing must take into account the competitive and legal environment in which the company operates, Anderson (1994). From a competitive standpoint, the firm must consider the implications of its pricing on the pricing decisions of competitors. For example, setting the price too low may risk a price war that may not be in the best interest of either side. Setting the price too high may attract a large number of competitors who want to share in the profits. Determine pricing using information collected in the above steps, select a pricing method, develop the pricing structure, and define discounts (Jobber, 2001).For new products, the pricing objective often is either to maximize profit margin or to maximize quantity (market share). To meet these objectives, there are two main strategies which company can use. Skimming price attempts to skim the cream off the top of the market by setting a high price and selling to those customers who are less price sensitive. Skimming is a strategy used to pursue the objective of profit margin maximization. As in regard to Sofitel hotels they can charge high price in Indian market at present because the economy is developing at a good rate by which people have now started to prefer good quality of products and services by not keeping in mind the price which they have to pay for their product. And also keeping in mind the Common wealth games which are going to take place in 2010 in New Delhi, company can increase its price for the product as many tourist and different people will be visiting the country to enjoy the games so its nice time to do a good business, and that too by charging products at some high price, also keeping an eye on the competitors in the market or near by area. Penetration pricing as stated by Dobson and Anderson (1994) this strategy aims to achieve highest possible sales volume by fixing the price aimed to achieve the target sales. This is done so that sales level is high and enough for the achievement of sales in production and distribution of the product thus leading to high level of long term profits. The pricing objective depends on many factors including production cost, existence of economies of scale, product differentiation, rate of product diffusion, the firms resources, and the products anticipated price elasticity of demand (Kotler Armstrong (2004). Marketing Strategy: According to Fill (2004) before the product is developed, the marketing strategy is formulated, including target market selection and product positioning. As stated by Keegan (1995) marketing strategy determines the choice of target market segment, positioning, marketing mix, and allocation of resources. Marketing strategy is a powerful process that gives an organization a competitive advantage in the marketplace. A marketing strategy also serves as the foundation of a marketing plan. In 2005, Sofitel focused on customer relaxation and wellness, variety of food service offering country by country and introducing the employee training programs for excellence service and reception quality (www.sofitel.com/gb/history.html). As part of Accors new business model announced in October, the company is repositioning its Sofitel brand to stand for luxury, while simultaneously launching two sub-brands (Sofitel Legend and So by Sofitel) and a sister brand (Pullman Hotels and Resorts), all with the goal of increasing average room rates and meeting more fragmented demand from a growing international clientele. The brand already is working to redefine itself, focusing specifically on implementing new luxury service standards through significant investment in staff training. To help solidify Sofitels new identity, the brand has a new logo (the link, which means that human relations are at the heart of luxury), and a new advertising campaign is set to launch in June. Overall, Acco r for its brand has invested some à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬35 million for marketing the new Sofitel and its sub- and sister-brands (Ref: http://www.hotelsmag.com/article). Relationship marketing strategies: Relationship marketing strategies helps to motivate their employees to maintain a good relationship with there customers for the repeat business. To retain customers, the company have to offers various best deals, package discounts, complimentary gifts. Various loyalty and incentive programs have been organized by the Accor group of hotels to motivate distribution channels. Loyalty Cards Loyalty programs The Accor hospitality group facilitates their customer with various loyalty cards such as Mouvango loyalty cards. In 2007, the Accor Mouvango loyalty card generated 320,000 room nights in Accor hotels, compared with 250,000 in 2006, an increase of 28% (http: //www. accor.com). In 2007, Accor loyalty programs were further enhanced: New discounts were offered to holders of the Accor Favorite Guest card. Holders of the Accor Favorite Guest and Accor American Express cards can now earn points. Corporate Payment Cards Accor hotels have done partnership with American Express to create corporate payment cards: The Corporate Card: The corporate cards are created by Accor group which enables their cardholders customer to pay for their expenses direct to their card and enjoy various beneficial reductions in the payment of their bills. The Corporate American Business Cards: The Corporate American Cards allows members companies to benefit from an annual retroactive reduction on expenditure at Accor properties. (http: //www.accorhotels.com). The Six foundations of Accors strategy: Stepping up the transformation process A growth and innovation dynamic Powerful, complementary, recognised brands Unique skills to support the brands People, the companys most important asset. Growth that creates opportunities for everyone. (http://www.accor.com/en/group.html) Brand Advertising:- According to Hennessy (1995) brand can be defined as an identifying symbol, words, or mark that distinguishes a product or company from its competitors. Usually brands are registered (trademarked) with a regulatory authority and so cannot be used freely by other parties. For many products and companies, branding is an essential part of marketing. But on the other hand, as stated by Jobber (2001) its all about getting noticed. A quality, well thought through brand concept is essential for making your product different from others in the market, doing publicity of the product under the brand and using effective promotion techniques to make the product known to the customers. Promotion: According to Walters and Toyne (1993) promotion is the most visible and probably the most controversial marketing activity undertaken by the firm. Basically, the company involved in foreign marketing generally faces two main steps for promotion. Firstly, the company has to develop a customized or modified promotion strategy for each foreign market to take into account differences in some things such as product offerings, brands distribution activities and sales goal. Secondly, the promotion strategy may also have to be adjusted because of local differences in socio cultural, educational and economic attributes of the targeted buyers. The main purpose of promotion for a company is to inform, educate persuade and timed response from a particular market or market segment. Brand Promotion in India:- Use of vehicle: in this the brand is promoted by putting the location of the website on the personal vehicle and business vehicle. It is very effective when it comes to the promotion of a new launched product of the brand. This is considered as the most appropriate method for promotion because when at any times if people are struck in traffic how many people will see the advertising of the brand and website of the company at one time and also does not require much high cost to advertise by this method(Fill 2004). Use word of mouth: Word of mouth is one of the very effective promotion strategies. The main reason is because it passes on a message of trust. When someone has already used your product and services they passed a favorable word to someone else it is great because the recipient of the information is already listening to someone they trust. In India this things matters a lot for a brand to get familiar in the public and customers are also attracted towards your product when they listen the goodwill of the product from others mouth (http://marketing.about.com). Promoting through public transportation:- in this , the brand can be promoted by putting logos , posters , broachers in the public transport means such as in India it can be done by pasting adds of the brand in metro(Delhi) , in Mumbai it can be done through Mumbai local trains and taxis. This helps in making the brand known to the general public easy and in a faster way. As lots people travel daily for their workplace through local transport so its become easy to advertise the brand. And also everyday if people are seeing the same advertisement everyday they tend to buy or use the product once. Brands global promotion techniques: Global Promotion Strategies as stated by Kotler and Armstrong (2004) deal with the way a business advertises when it expands to a global market and sells to a consumer base in a different country and culture. Global promotion strategies deal with delivery of marketing concept that does not always translate into the language of the target consumer nation. If global promotion strategies are done poorly by a business it could kill any chances of gaining market share in a target nation economy. Here are some global promotion strategies. Use the right translator: This global promotion strategy will include designing marketing and communications materials that are written in the native language of the foreign country or of the target consumer culture. This is an obvious strategy however one must use the right translator to do this. According to this report the Sofitel should promote its brand in (Hindi language) which is known as native language of India. Remember that translators only translate into a target language. So, company should select the translator who is having good knowledge of the language so that the brand is promoted through right message in the foreign country and the customers should also understand it. Unless a translators target language (what the communication is getting translated to) is also that persons native language, it is highly unlikely that company will get the proper translation for their marketing materials (http://www.marketwire.com Fill (2004). Be culturally sensitive: as said by Anderson (1995) this is obvious for each brand to do a cultural study of targeted market in which they are going to provide the services. For the chosen brand Sofitel its necessary to study the culture and ethics of Indian customers so that the brand is able to provide the

The Imperfect Creator in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays

The Imperfect Creator in Frankenstein Often the actions of children are reflective of the attitudes of those who raised them. In the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelly, Dr. Victor Frankenstein is the sole being that can take responsibility for the creature that he has created, as he is the only one that had any part in bringing it into being. While the actions of the creation are the ones that are the illegal and deadly their roots are traced back to the flaws of Frankenstein as a creator. Many of Frankenstein's faults are evident in the appearance of his creation. It is described as having yellow skin, dark black hair, eyes sunk into their sockets, and black lips (Shelly 56). Frankenstein, having chosen the parts for his creature, is the only one possible to blame for its appearance. Martin Tropp states that the monster is "designed to be beautiful and loving, it is loathsome and unloved" (64). Clearly it is Frankenstein's lack of foresight in the creation process to allow for a creature that Frankenstein "had selected his features as beautiful," (56) to become something which the very sight of causes its creator to say "breathless horror and disgust filled my heart"(56). He overlooks the seemingly obvious fact that ugliness is the natural result when something is made from parts of different corpses and put together. Were he thinking more clearly he would have noticed monster's hideousness. Another physical aspect of the monster which shows a fault in Frankenstein is its immense size. The reason that Frankenstein gives for creating so large a creature is his own haste. He states that ,"As the minuteness of the parts formed a great hinderance to my speed, I resolved, contrary to my first intention, to make a being gigantic in stature ..." (52). Had Frankenstein not had been so rushed to complete his project he would not have had to deal with such a physically intimidating creature. Tropp however states that ambition may have had a role in the size of the creation. He says that the creation is "born of Frankenstein's megalomania" (81). This may indeed be true as the inventor states "A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me" (52).

Poultry Management System

A management system is the framework of processes and procedures used to ensure that an organization can fulfill all tasks required to achieve its objectives. Businesses today are developing and upgrading their system into more high level system to lessen the time and effort of performing their complex jobs. Comparing to their old system like their MS Excel System in inventory, sales, monitoring and production they are now implementing a system that manages all their complex transactions. In the global arena, Willmar Poultry Company (WPC), one of the largest turkey poultry producers in United States operates in the production of turkeys and other livestock. Moreover, they prefer to have a solution which both strong in manufacturing and financing area. Further, they want to streamline data entry and reporting, increase in flexibility and functionality, and improve data access and decision making capabilities. So, in managing all their diverse transaction, WPC implemented the system, Microsoft Business Solutions-Axapta. (Willmar Poultry Company, 2000) In the national scene, Maya farms, a large integrated farm located some 40 km from the city of Manila. It maintains some 60,000 pigs, 12,000 egg-type chickens and a few hundred heads of cattle. Soon after the embargo in 1973, Maya farms started experimenting on the industrial uses of biogas generated from the manure produced by their livestock. It developed systems that enabled the farm to use methane gas from the manure as substitute for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and as source of energy to run internal combustion engines that power its deep-well water pumps, feed mixers and generators and some other electric equipment in the farm. After they succeeded the implementation of the biogas, they developed a system that focuses on their transactions especially on their purchasing, selling and giving inventory in mid 90’s. After several years of developing new system that would manage their fast growing farm, they successfully implemented their new system â€Å"Livestock Inventory System† which caters to their diverse transactions like purchasing and selling of chickens and other livestock. (Integrated Livestock – Fish Production System, 2000) Locally, a company that maintains egg-type chickens in their farm is (LBF) Lacia Breeder Farm located at Taglono, Toril, Davao City. The farm seeks innovative ways to improve the health of their breeding stock. Moreover, the farm needs faster decision making, secured records, and powerful reporting every time they see and need the data. Since, they are using MS Excel System in recording and processing their transaction they encountered problems that would prolong their decision making in improving the farm. Moving forward, Lacia Breeder Farm’s passion for innovation continues as they seek out and discover new technology that will provide them with distinct competitive advantages necessary in providing the highest quality poultry at the greatest value to the customers and consumers. Hence, they recognize that the future is only a day away and are always considering new ideas and technology as they continue their relentless commitment to innovation. In response to their innovation, the researchers have proposed a system called Poultry Management System that would help the farm in managing their diverse transactions. Statement of the Problem The Lacia Breeder Farm (LBF) is using MS Excel for their transactions in the farm. While, using the old system, LB Farm encounter problems which cause them delay in transacting businesses of the farm. Moreover, in using the their existing system for a long period of time there is a need of a reliable, secure and fast management system to handle their diverse transactions and to strengthen their operations. Based on our interviews of the farm manager, the problems found upon using their existing system have been identified. There is a delay in generating reports. Upon using the MS Excel application, it would take several days in producing reports because the management still has to gather all the data. They have to encode all the gathered data and looked to their columnar to check if the reports and data are the same as recorded in their columnar book. They also have to encode each data again and again in every transaction that they have done and categorized each data into particular reports. Duplication of data is essential for back-up purposes but in this case, LBF produced a redundant report that would delay them in their decision making. Thus, in determining the history of their transactions and reports of their inventory still they have to scroll over their old system and find the necessary data of that particular report. Moreover, this could cause the disorganization of reports that would hinder their operation. It would also delay them to generate reports, since the data will not be automatically updated in their MS Excel System. Stocks are not monitored properly. Since they are using the Microsoft Excel for the monitoring of their feeds and medicines, the farm management encountered a problem in determining if there is still available stock in their stockroom because in Microsoft Excel, although it calculates the remaining stocks, the management still needs constant monitoring to their MS Excel just to determine if there are stocks available. Moreover, if this happened they will check the stockroom how many feeds and medicines available. They have to calculate again from their columnar and notebooks the consumed feeds and medicines to determined the availability of the stocks. There is miscalculation of data that leads to inaccurate result. While using the MS Excel System, the management is hesitant to use the formula for their MS Excel because sometimes it will be modified by the user. There are also instances that they are confused on the accuracy of the result of their MS Excel System because the user or the manager inputs a wrong formula that makes the calculation inaccurate and it can only be identified once double-checked. This would also create confusion in determining the stock’s availability and accuracy of the files and records in inventory of their products. The records and files are misplaced. The daily, weekly, monthly and yearly reports are misplaced for once it had been recorded in their MS Excel and printed, the hard copy will be compiled in a folder without label and placed on top of the table because they don’t have proper cabinet for storage. Some records are thrown in the garbage if it is assorted to the old files and it is hard to find the files for it was thrown away. Some records are also misplaced by the manager for he will bring them in their main office in Panabo; sometimes he left them on his car or misplaced somewhere else. This is why files and records are hard to find during retrieval. Furthermore, they will consume too much time in retrieving the misplaced files because they have to scan all their unlabeled folders, to their assorted files and in case of lost of file/s. They have to scroll over to their MS Excel System just to find the needed data because some data and files are in the farm and others are in the main office at Panabo which took so long because of the distance between the farm and the office. And also, they have to check on their columnar book back again to get the files that were lost. Files are unsecured. The files that are supposed to be viewed and accessed only by the manager are viewed and accessed by unauthorized personnel due to lack of security privacy of their MS Excel system. Based on what we have seen in their MS Excel System, they don’t have a security like asking password every time they accessed the files. When the manager is not in the office, the caretaker or employee could view and access the confidential files and could even change and erase the data recorded. They could easily hacked on other files which is not supposed to be accessed by unauthorized personnel since it is easy to accessed the system because of the lacking of security. Even, they could ruin the entire program or changing the program set up. And, change the formula which leads to a wrong output. There are also chances of data lost once it was accessed by the caretaker or other employee. The manager has to evaluate again the encoded data to double check and to ensure the files that have not been purge and change. Assumption of the Study This study aims to develop the management system of Lacia Breeder Farm to provide fast and accurate farm transaction. Based on the identified problem, this study assumes to: Generate accurate and particular reports in every transaction. Through using this management system, it would give them a report on a particular transaction. This would help them to analyze and decide what the next move to further improve their farm. Moreover, this would lessen the encoding process of the data because it can generate automatically the reports after the data are encoded. It will not block any operations of the farm because it can generate reports easily. Thus, this system automatically updated reports that needed on particular operations. Provide convenient way of monitoring the stocks. Through using this management system, it would give the management an update monitoring of the stocks availability. This would lessen the work in encoding, retrieving and processing manually all the data encoded and needed. Provide a system that can give accurate calculation of data. This gives proper calculation of data and gives accurate result since the formula is embedded and cannot be accessed by someone else. Hence, it would determine, give accurate result and proper calculation of the stock remained in the stockroom. Provide proper storage for all records and files. This management system provide proper storage for it has a big storage system which the database of the system. It would help the management in easily searching the files that are lost. It provides an update detail of the files and records to be retrieve. Further, it fastens the time consumed in retrieving data. And, they will not anymore scan all the files, records and columnar book just to find the needed lost data. Provide a system that has security like asking password. It would not allow any user to access the system to secure all the file/s and record/s inside. It will give the management a better and safe data for further uses. Hence, only those registered users can access, view and add data. These would be a great help for the farm for they do not have anymore double check the records and files for it is secure. Thus, categorized personnel have their own category in accessing the data for example; the manager can access all the detailed, confidential and important data while other users have a limitation. Review of Related Literature To provide a background and framework of the investigation, selected literature related to the study are presented in this section. These include theories, systems, principles, concepts and views, which have a direct bearing to the variables of the study. Poultry is any domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, or geese, raised for food, meat or eggs (Grolier New Webster’s Dictionary) is the main product of the poultry farm before developing any computerized information system to manage the transactions accurately and reliably. Based on the research, the following are the factors should be considered in managing the farm which is important in developing a system for poultry farm and to understand the processes involved (Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, 2005). Hatching. The development of a mechanical setter and Hatcher has permitted the large scale production of chicks with little labor. While many of the eggs produced on the farms are unfertilized, only those eggs which are fertilized will hatch. Fertilized eggs can be purchased from breeding operations, or by the successful mating of a rooster and a hen by natural methods or by using artificial insemination. Turkey production relies on the use of artificial insemination to produce fertile eggs. The continuous genetic selection for turkeys with large breast muscling has resulting in many breeds which are no longer capable of copulating because of their large and awkward size.

Free Essays on American Economics

Most of the problems of the United states are related to the economy. One of the major issues facing the country today is social security. The United States was one of the last major industrialized nations to establish a social security system. In 1911, Wisconsin passed the first state workers compensation law to be held constitutional. At that time, most Americans believed the government should not have to care for the aged, disabled or needy. But such attitudes changed during the Great Depression in the 1930's. In 1935, Congress passed the Social Security Act. This law became the basis of the U.S. social insurance system. It provided cash benefits to only retired workers in commerce or industry. In 1939, Congress amended the act to benefit and dependent children of retired workers and widows and children of deceased workers . In 1950, the act began to cover many farm and domestic workers, non professional self employed workers, and many state and municipal employees. Coverage became nearly universal in 1956, when lawyers and other professional workers came under the system. Social security is a government program that helps workers and retired workers and their families achieve a degree of economic security. Social security also called social insurance (Robertson p. 33), provides cash payments to help replace income lost as a result of retirement, unemployment, disability, or death. The program also helps pay the cost of medical care for people age 65 or older and for some disabled workers. About one-sixth of the people in the United States receive social security benefits. People become eligible to receive benefits by working in a certain period in a job covered by social security. Employers and workers finance the program through payroll taxes. Participation in the social security system is required for about 95 percent of all U.S. workers. Social security d... Free Essays on American Economics Free Essays on American Economics Most of the problems of the United states are related to the economy. One of the major issues facing the country today is social security. The United States was one of the last major industrialized nations to establish a social security system. In 1911, Wisconsin passed the first state workers compensation law to be held constitutional. At that time, most Americans believed the government should not have to care for the aged, disabled or needy. But such attitudes changed during the Great Depression in the 1930's. In 1935, Congress passed the Social Security Act. This law became the basis of the U.S. social insurance system. It provided cash benefits to only retired workers in commerce or industry. In 1939, Congress amended the act to benefit and dependent children of retired workers and widows and children of deceased workers . In 1950, the act began to cover many farm and domestic workers, non professional self employed workers, and many state and municipal employees. Coverage became nearly universal in 1956, when lawyers and other professional workers came under the system. Social security is a government program that helps workers and retired workers and their families achieve a degree of economic security. Social security also called social insurance (Robertson p. 33), provides cash payments to help replace income lost as a result of retirement, unemployment, disability, or death. The program also helps pay the cost of medical care for people age 65 or older and for some disabled workers. About one-sixth of the people in the United States receive social security benefits. People become eligible to receive benefits by working in a certain period in a job covered by social security. Employers and workers finance the program through payroll taxes. Participation in the social security system is required for about 95 percent of all U.S. workers. Social security d...

3d Glasses Essay Essays

3d Glasses Essay Essays 3d Glasses Essay Paper 3d Glasses Essay Paper Informative Speech November 15, 2011 CMM 101 E General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience of two methods used for 3-D viewing. (concept) CT: There are two different methods used for 3-D viewing: anaglyphs and polarization. (chronological) Introduction: (When I was a little girl about 4 years old I had a toy that allowed me to see images in 3-D. The toy was red and looked a lot like a pair of binoculars. I could put different white circular cut outs in, each with a different set of pictures. If I clicked a little orange lever the picture would change. (Marshal Brain, founder of howstuffworks. com, which won him 4 awards including Yahoos best science and technology resource in 2004, explains how the toy I am describing and binocular vision works. The toy is called a view master or stereoscopic viewer. The view master imitates how our eyes already work, by using binocular vision. Our eyes are about 2 ? inches apart giving them slightly different views a t the same time allowing for depth perception. ) (â€Å"People only see what they are prepared to see. † , said classic American poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. Our brains and eyes are prepared to see life in 3 dimensions and pictures in 2 dimensions. We are unable to create a sense of depth perception for TV. and movies because both of our eyes are taking in the same image. (I went to see Lion King in 3-D with some friends. Katie had never seen a 3-D movie before. During the movie I saw something move out of the corner of my eye. I realized it was Katie raising her hand in front of her to touch the images. I laughed and she smiled back at me with a quick shrug of her shoulders. ) I had never really thought about how the producers created a 3-D effect before. Director James Cameron, the first director to produce two movies grossing over $ 1 billion announced, â€Å"Every cinema will be capable of showing 3D movies in the next five years. † While 3D may not yet be this exclus ive, 3-D technology has come a long way. (So how exactly do the images of Timon and Pumba singing Hakuna Mattatah seem to start dancing off the screen? ) We will be discussing two methods of 3-D viewing. First we will look at anaglyphs and then polarization. Transition: We all remember those silly cardboard glasses with one blue lens and one red one. They were used in things like comic books and found in cereal boxes. We could put them on and turn a distorted red and blue blurry image into a neat pop off the page clear picture. I. The first method used for 3-D viewing was anaglyphs. A. Anaglyphs were the earliest method of presenting theatrical 3-D. 1. In 1922 â€Å"The Power of Love† was the first 3-D movie. a. The movie used 2 camera two projector 3-D technology according to Internet Movie Database,developed by Harry K. Fairhall and Robert F. Elder at the Ambassador Hotel Theater in Los Angeles. B. Anaglyph systems do not require much specialized hardware. . According to director and writer Fred Wilder, anaglyphs take advantage of binocular viewing, by secluding each eye to take in a similar but separate image. a. Two images are shown simultaneously on one screen through separate filters. b. The images are seen through two matching filters in the lenses of the glasses. 2. Anaglyphs do not allow for full color viewing. Tr ansition:. According to Forbes and New York Times magazine writer Mary Bellis, who has been writing about inventors since 1997, the Polaroid was invented by Edwin Land in 1948, but didnt become very popular until 1965. After the golden age of 3-D in the 1950s the technology lost its appeal to viewers. People would rather see movies in color. It wasnt until the invention of the Polaroid that 3-D would be forever changed. II. The second method used for 3-D viewing is polarization. A. There are two types of polarization linear and circular, both allowing full color viewing. 1. The major feature polarization allows for is full color viewing. 2. The Oxford English dictionary defines polarization as with the use of an object, physics restrict the vibrations of a transverse wave, especially light wholly or partially to one direction. . Polarized light requires a device of some sort to block the vibrations in all directions except one. B. One type of polarization is linear. 1. Linear polarization uses differently polarized lights to create a 3-D effect, explains John Jerit, owner of American Paper Optics, a 3-D glasses manufacturer. a. Clear glasses with the similar polarization lenses are worn to filter t he opposing light sources. 2. Viewers must keep their heads level in order not to distort the image. a. Changing ones view perspective will cause channels to bleed into each other. C. A second type of polarization is circular. . Circular polarization works similarly to linear polarization. a. A major difference between the two types is the total number of images presented on the viewing screen. b. Circular polarization is the method used for RealD 3-D. Conclusion: 3-D started millions of years ago with the first humans to look around. We see life in 3-D, and now movies, television, and video games too. Now when you go to see your first or next 3-D movie you will know how images fly off the screen. However, you will probably still want to touch the objects flying at you like Katie did. Emerson, Ralph, Waldo. The Essential Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Modern Library, 2000. eBook. Child, Ben. James Cameron expects 100% 3D in the next five years. the guardian. 12 April 2011: n. page. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. Jerit, John. How do linear polarized glasses work?. 3d Glasses online. Centrasource interactive agency, 2010. Web. 12 Nov 2011. LaLena, Michael. Which 3D theater to choose. DIY audio and visual. lalena network, 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011. Brain, Marshall. How 3-D Glasses Work 18 July 2003. Web. 12 November 2011. Wilder, Fred. Anaglyph 3D know-how. stcroix studios. Fred Wilder studio, 2004. Web. 12 Nov 2011. admin, . Circular polarized 3d glasses vs. linear polorized 3D glasses. 3D cameras review. N. p. , 15 Jan 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011. polarize. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford University Press. 12 November 2011 Henderson, Tom. â€Å"How do we know light behaves as a wave. †: Polarization. The Physics Classroom Tutorial. 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011. Bellis, Mary. â€Å"Polaroid photography. Instant photography. † The New York Times Company. 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011 â€Å"Trivia: The Power of love. † Internet Movie Database. 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011.