The Man-Made Disaster: Chernobyl

Gulin Langbroek 11. 1 THE MAN-MADE DISASTER: CHERNOBYL â€Å"It is one of histories ironies that the worst nuclear accident began as a test to improve safety. †, states Snell (1988). The Soviets wanted to find out how the Chernobyl power plant would cope with a sudden power loss, therefore the experiment tested how long a spinning turbine could provide electric power to certain systems in the plant. Like many accidents, the Chernobyl accident resulted from a combination of human error and weaknesses in the design of the plant.The man-made disaster occured at Unit 4 of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the former Ukranian Republic belonging to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and near the borders of Belarus and the Russian Federation. Following a short explanation of the health and social impacts of the accident, this essay will discuss the errors in judgment and biases that went on while running the Chernobyl power plant. As a result of the accident, tons of radioact ive material was released to the air, still posing a threat to living beings in that region.The radioactive doses caused long term health effects ranging from thyroid cancer to leukemia. The Chernobyl area was also connected directly with the river systems of the Ukranian Republic, causing destruction of biological life in rivers and also deaths of people who had consumed river water. It is also a fact that cleaning the area was just as dangerous to those people who had to do it as they were exposed to higher doses of radiation. Agricultural regions near Chernobyl had caused the production of foods such as milk and vegetables with radioactive material contamination.Lots of people were forced to migrate from contaminated areas to uncontaminated areas, creating social problems such as loss of staff, no job availability and many more difficulties which made everyday life miserable. Overall, the Chernobyl accident has caused great distress and casualties in the USSR and European countri es. 1 There were some errors which should be mentioned before going into details on the errors in judgment. One error which might have caused the accident was that it was a rushed experiment.The test was scheduled to be carried out just before a reactor shutdown which only occurred once a year, so the operators felt under pressure to complete it promptly so that another year wouldn't have to be waited. This probably didn't trigger the accident directly but perhaps was one of the factors causing the necessary measures and precautions to not be taken. The test was thought to be an electrical test only, so instead of the reactor specialists, turbine manufacturers were the ones who were observing it. Thus, the effects on the reactor was not weighed fully.Finally, the Chernobyl plant was one of the most developed and highly technologic power plants ever constructed, therefore the operators running it felt as if they were an exclusive and elite crew and had built too much overconfidence, not realising possible disasters. To be specific, some biases could be named and analyzed further. Perhaps the most crucial bias which should be looked at in all man-made disasters is the neglect of probability which is the tendency to omit the probability of failure when making a decision.This also ties in with the overconfidence bias since if the managers had doubted the reactor in the first place, more precautions would have been taken. In this case, such a massive disaster had never happened before among Russia, and since the power plant as stated before was assumed to be very reputable and exceptional, the managers of the plant had neglected any probability of the experiment going wrong. According to Kletz (2001)â€Å"The managers do not seem to have asked themselves what would occur if the experiment was unsuccessful.Before every experiment we should list all possible outcomes and their effects and decide how they will be handled. † 2 The second biggest bias of the owne rs and constructors of the plant which caused the accident was the functional fixedness bias. As it is stated in Wikipedia (â€Å"List of Cognitive Biases 2012) â€Å"This bias limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used†. The reactor was operated in a rule-based behaviour, meaning that the operators were informed on what tasks they should complete but not told why it was so important to complete them.This had caused them to operate the plant in a way which Kletz (2001) states as â€Å"process feel rather than theoretical knowledge†. Before the Chernobyl accident, all reactors were designed and relied on the fact that rules would be obeyed and instructions would be followed so there was no need to set up extra protective facilities. This of course could have been the worst approach to building a nuclear plant, considering the fact that the workers were not trained to their best abilities.Instead of relying on the traditional method of a ssuming operators would follow the rules, the reactor should have been built in a way that the rules could not be ignored. That way the workers would not have been limited to using their insufficient information on how to run a power plant and technology would have done this job instead of them. In short, the traditional way of relying on man-made decisions should have been abandoned and relying on automatic equipment should have been adapted. Assuming operators would obey rules brings another issue to light, the projection bias.The projection bias is defined as unconsciously assuming that one's personal emotions, thoughts and values are shared by others. The lack of communication between the managers of the power plant and the operators in how seriously safety measures should have been taken is among the biggest causes of the disaster. According to Kletz (2012), the managers of Chernobyl had â€Å"talked about getting things done without any mention of safety, leaving the operator s with the impression that safety is less important.Managers should remember, when giving instructions, that what you don't say is as important as what you do say. † 3 Last but not least, the biggest error in judgment the operators could have had was caused by the ostrich effect. This bias is the act of ignoring an obvious negative sitution. The big question is, why should any operator ignore situations which could cause the death of many people including their own? The answer lies in how the management system was established.Because the reactor relied on decisions of the higher authorities and not on protective safety equipments, every little detail of the power plant had to be consulted with the managers. As Kletz states (2012), â€Å"Everything had to be referred to the top so it was necessary to break the rules in order to get anything done†. Running a power plant should have not relied on this kind of system since operators were more likely to take shortcuts, not i nform the managers or simply ignore problems so that they could get things done quickly. Had these biases and errors in judgment not occured, the accident would perhaps never have happened.In operating such intricate systems such as a power plant, one must keep in mind two crucial things: Always having protective equipment installed and never letting workers neglect safety rules. Unfortunately as humans, only after this disaster have we began to take these precautions, making us victims of the normalcy bias. In any case, we must always look out for human errors that might lead to irreversible damage. 4 RESOURCES Marples, D. R. , & Snell, V. G. (1988). The social impact of the chernobyl disaster. London: The Macmillan Press Kletz, T. (2001). Learning from accidents.Retrieved from ftp://193. 218. 136. 74/pub/anon/ELSEVIER-Referex/1-Chemical%20Petrochemical%20and%20Process%20Collection/CD1/KLETZ,%20T. %20A. %20(2001). %20Learning%20from%20Accidents%20(3rd%20ed. )/Learning_from_Accident s_3E. pdf European Commision, International Atomic Energy Agency & World Health Organization. (1996). One decade after chernobyl: Summing up the consequences of the accident. Austria: IAEA List of Cognitive Biases. (2012). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_biases_in_judgment_and_decision_making 5

Anti Guns on Campuses Essay

Guns are a double-edged sword when it comes down to it. Guns provide many people the ability to feel safe and protected, while other guns are constant reminder that some freedoms are taken too far. Guns privileges are abused, misused, and mistreated. Young people glorify toting weapons like it’s a new fashion statement. Missing the fact, that what in reality is causing uproar and panic amongst everyone else. That is why I feel like guns should not be allowed on college campuses. Asking a young person to take the responsibility of not only carrying but carrying a gun around on a college campus is a lot to ask of a college aged young adult. Most people in college struggle with grasping a full-course load, let alone walking with a gun, or the fact that someone unbeknownst to them could be carrying an automatic weapon. The theory is not brilliant; if a situation occurs we should let the proper authorities handle it, in a professional manner in which they are paid to do so. Law enforcement is more than just capable of doing their job, in a professional sense. It makes sense for police to patrol all throughout a college campus to keep peace. Asking an 18- 24 year old who is still mentally and emotionally adjusting to life and new experiences is too much. College campuses are actually safer than the surrounding communities where an actual 93% of crimes that occur against college students take place. That in it of itself is an eye opener to those for gun on college campuses. College campuses are a safe heaven, where students can be at ease, and be at peace knowing that they are protected 24/7. Lawmakers should take joy as well. Campus police is actually doing what’s asked of them and doing it above and beyond. Police are doing what is asked of them. Now imagine if a student or even faculty member such as a teacher with no crisis training is asked to respond to an emergency situation? Many if not most would panic and not how to respond to the situation at hand. Situations could lead to disaster, so why not leave that to the professionals. Clearly not having guns on college campuses has worked so far. Why would society decide to change that now? The negatives outweigh the good in every facet. Yes like with anything there are positives, but those positives are few and far between. Students and faculty aren’t trained to handle the pressures and stress that come with dealing with carrying a loaded weapon on campus. Law Enforcement does a heck of a job, in protecting all persons on campuses now. By switching that up, you are making police officers job even way more difficult, asking them to distinguish in crisis situations who and who isn’t the culprit. Making them find out who has the gun? Guns should be allowed on college campuses period.

A tragicomedy is a comedy with serious elements or overtones*. To what extent can the History boys be classed a tragicomedy?

The play is comic and shows clear features of comedies throughout, such as slapstick humour and farce. This is combined with ‘serious elements’ (often used for humour) such as Hector fiddling the boys, which fits in with the genre of tragicomedy. The debate rises where the serious elements seem not to fit into a comedy, such as the protagonist dying, potentially preventing a happy ending. Some argue there are too many elements that do not fit into the genre of comedies, for ‘The History Boys’ to even be classed a tragicomedy. Serious elements are used for humour in the play, which fits into the definition of a comedy with serious ‘overtones’. The obvious example for this is Hector fiddling with the boys. When Dakin asks Scripps ‘What happened with Hector? On the bike? ’ he replies with comic dialogue, saying ‘I think he thought he’d got me going. In fact it was Tudor Economics Documents, Volume Two’ (pg21). This line always gets a laugh from the audience, and the humour fits into the genre of comedies. As the boys do not take the paedophilia seriously (the audience is aware Scripps is not affected, as he cracks a joke and acts normal), the audience do not either. This distancing effect of comedy allows the ‘serious elements’ to be viewed in a comic, light-hearted way, which fits in to the definition of a tragicomedy. Another example is when Hector hits the boys for using ‘foul, festering, grubby-minded’ language. This is slapstick humour, commonly found in comedies, originating out of a serious ‘element’ of a teacher hitting their students. However, some would argue the play couldn’t be classed as a comedy at all, as it does not have a happy ending, which is vital for comedies. The protagonist, Hector, ‘came off’ his motorbike in a crash. Scripps makes what happened to Hector clear when he says ‘someone dies at school and you remember it all your life’(pg 106). Normally in a tragicomedy the ending will have a sense of catharsis, but there is arguably not one in the play, as it ends on what seems to be his funeral, where (according to stage directions) there are ‘photographs of Hector as a young man’(pg106). The reflection on Hector’s life is melancholy and the tragic effect of Hector’s death negatively affects the boys, as Scripps ‘remember(s)’ it all his life. Despite this, it is possible to argue the ending is cathartic and does fit in to a genre of comedy and tragicomedy. In response to Hector’s death, the audience could see it as an optimistic release for Hector from a life of discontent: his marriage is passionate- his wife married him for ‘lukewarm attentions’ (pg92), his career is over as ‘boys have become work’(pg95), his future is ‘buying a van, filling it with books and taking it round country markets’(pg94). Read also History Quizzes Also, there is the ‘splenid news’ of all the boys getting into Oxbridge- even Rudge (the ‘dumb’ character, often a feature of comedies). This is particularly cathartic, as it structurally mirrors how Dakin explains to Hector (and consequently the audience) that they are ‘all going in for Oxford and Cambridge’ in the third scene. This was the purpose of the boys being at the school for this period, and was commonplace in society at the time, when there was (and still is) huge competition to get into Oxbridge (the top two universities of Britain*). For the audience to watch them work for it and achieve their aspirations, a sense of catharsis is created, resulting in a happy ending, especially as the boys are mainly successful in their future lives, becoming ‘solicitors’ and ‘chartered accountants’(pg107). As the ending is happy, it can fit into the genre of tragicomedy. Some would argue that the character of Posner prevents the play being a comedy. He is outcast and isolated throughout. Posner perfectly demonstrates his problems in a list, saying ‘I’m a Jew. I’m small. I’m homosexual. And I live in Sheffield. I’m fucked. ’ He is even viewed as an outcast by Hector, who dismisses him, saying ‘never mind’ when Posner volunteers for a lift when Hector asks if he ‘can give someone a lift’(pg17). Normally in a comedy, an outcast will find redemption and improve his/her life, resulting in a happy ending. This is not the case. Posner drops out of university and is the only boy who leads a terrible life. This is shown in a structural shift where Mrs. Lintott describes the boys’ future. Posner ‘lives alone†¦ has periodic breakdowns’ and only has friends ‘on the Internet’(Pg108). This tragedy is heightened by the fact that Posner was the cleverest boys- ironic for the audience, as they would be aware of this wasted potential. Bennett also based Posner on himself, as when he was a teenager he was under-developed, which made his ‘school days unhappy’. Posner seems to represent the stereotypical outcast. A character like this, some argue, is so tragic it (along with a couple of other factors, such as the ending debatably not being happy) prevents the play from being a comedy and therefore a tragicomedy. This argument can be countered by the view that serious messages are often at the heart of tragicomedies. As Ustinov said, ‘comedy is simply a funny way of being serious’. This dates back to Shakespearean time, where the dangers of irrational love are portrayed in a humorous forest scene in A Midsummers Night Dream. Bennett could be raising the serious issue of teaching methods, as Posner was the only one that failed, but the ‘only one who truly took everything to heart’(Pg108) from Hector. This suggests Irwin’s methods are better, which rings true in Bennett’s personal life, who claimed he used Irwin’s methods to get in to Oxford. Furthermore, Posner contributes to the genre of comedy by creating humour. Verbal humour is used when he lists his problems and concludes that he is ‘fucked’, one of play’s famous lines. There are other serious messages throughout the play that also create humour, such as Hector’s message of ‘pass the parcel’ with literature. For example, Hector making the boys recite poems and being appalled by Irwin’s suggestion to use quotations he had taught to be ‘trotted out to make a point’(Pg48) is a form of absurd behaviour, common in comedies. A teacher’s job is to help make students make points and do well in exams- Hector does not see this. These ‘serious elements’ have important messages, but also create humour, which fits in to the genre of tragicomedy. Erma Bombeck once said â€Å"there is a thin line that separates laughter and pain, comedy and tragedy, humour and hurt†.

BIPOLAR DISORDER OUTLINE Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BIPOLAR DISORDER OUTLINE - Article Example Cause of bipolar disorder is not known but genetic and environmental conditions may give rise to the disorder and its course. Environmental factors may include substance abuse, medical conditions (e.g. thyroid fluctuation), stressful lie events, and life styles that are consistent with general sleep-wake cycles. PET imaging helps identify differences in brain activities of the people with the disorder. This and other biological researches have rendered better understanding of the causes of the disorder such as dysregulation (not like an epileptic seizure) of the brain cells responsible for regulation of emotions, circadian rhythms and behaviors resulting in the symptoms of the disorder (Goodwin & Jamison, 2007). Bipolar disorder now ranks one of the top ten disabling disorders in the world among working adults with significant socio economic impact (WHO, 2002), (Young, Rigney, Shaw, Emmas, & Thompson, 2011). Bipolar experience of the illness can vary among patients substantially. Suc h as, some patients with depression followed by hypomania while others, mania followed by depression. Still others with alternating episodes with no intervals of mood stability (euthymia). Choice of treatments therefore is based on individualistic patterns of the disorder (Suppes & Dennehy, 2012). Guidelines of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders mainly deal with the acute treatment of mania and bipolar depression. It is vital that acute and long-term treatment should be simultaneous for treatment planning and evaluation. For simplicity, both are dealt with separately. It is important to bring the acute manifestations under control as quick as possible but it is more important to have maintenance treatment which should prevent new episodes and complications and disabling conditions (Grunz, et al., 2013). See figure below: Grunz et al (2013)’s overall recommendations for long term treatment have a ssigned Rating Grade (RG) 1 to drugs Aripiprazole, Lamotrigine, Lithium, and Quetiapine which are listed alphabetically. Aripiprazole has been graded A for Prevention of Treatment Emergent Episodes (TEE) in enriched samples (PES) for â€Å"mania† and â€Å"any episode†. Lamotrigine, has been rated A in PES for â€Å"depression† and â€Å"any episode†. Lithium, A in PNES (Prevention of TEE in non-enriched samples) for â€Å"mania† and â€Å"any episode† and B in PES for â€Å"any episode†, â€Å"mania† and â€Å"depression†. Quetiapine, graded A in PES for â€Å"mania†, â€Å"depression† and â€Å"any episode†. The authors’ overall rating goes in favor of Lithium as still the best as it has two grading of A and B for episodes mentioned against each (Grunz, et al., 2013, p. 170). These drugs’ treatments are discussed in detail below. ARIPIPRAZOLE: PES: Monothreapy and combination with Lit hium have proved to be efficacious in the prevention of new manic and mixed episodes in acute mania. PNES: As there is no long-term impact study in non-enriched samples, it has been graded F in respect of CE (Category of evidence). Further evidence (FE) of the efficacy of Aripiprazole has been proved in the metaanalysis by Vieta et al (2011) in the prevention of new manic episodes. Safety and tolerability (ST): Most common adverse event (AE) prompting treatment

Why Youth Unemployment Is a Particularly Serious Issue for Many Essay

Why Youth Unemployment Is a Particularly Serious Issue for Many Countries of the World - Essay Example The paper tells that youth in different countries in the world experience acute problems because of the experiences of unemployment with many of them lacking opportunities regardless of the fact that they have the capacity to work. This issue continues to trouble many countries regardless of the efforts they have put in place to alleviate the problems and establish youths in productive states that ensure they are productive in the economy. One of the countries that have experienced this kind of problem is Brazil in which many youths are jobless regardless of the steps they have taken towards ending the problem. The problem has perpetuated increase in the rate of poverty in the country with those people who have no jobs staying inactive and depending on the other people who are working. This has increased poverty levels because people have not been productive in the economy and have depended on the productivity of a few people in the society. In the economy, youth unemployment has con tributed to future constraints that come from the issues of little earning of the youths who never get jobs in their youthful age. This means that people in the economy have ended up producing little amounts of money that may not be able to facilitate capacity building in other people who rely on them. For example, when people get little income in the advanced age, they end up not offering quality education to their dependents who need the support to advance their lives. This means that unemployment becomes a series of complications that lead to low-quality chances of building capacity in other people. At the end of everything, the economy will have very many people who cannot exploit their potential fully for the benefit of their country or for their own. This means that the rate of growth of the economy will reduce and will be low for the country whose youth do not participate in productive activities in their country. The problem of the unemployment in the youth do not face peopl e in one generation only but it extends to the following generations that cause them to affect the economy negatively. Unemployed youth have resulted in violent ways to get the things they need for their economic sustainability in different places. Some youths have involved themselves in different illegal activities that have led to the destabilization of their countries because, in their idleness and unproductiveness in the economy, they engage in activity to acquire forcibly the things that belong to other people. The lack of jobs causes the youth to get involved in different illegal activities, which may risk their lives and those of others in their environment. Those people who do not get formal opportunities get some others in informal sectors, which require them to work for long hours at very low wages, and in the hazardous environment where they do fit. This pushes some of them to get involved in illegal activities like robbery, drug trafficking and other forms of crimes that assure them fast and high returns for the effort they put in an activity. This implies that these youths do not only turn to be a risk to the other people but also are a threat to the stability the of systems of the economy that promote development and therefore, become causes of underdevelopment in the country of their residence.

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital - Essay Example The General Hospital opened its doors in 1968 to provide quality medical care to the community around it and beyond. At first, gradual growth resulted to an increased number of patients and hospital activity in general. Recently, however, there was a sharp decline in patient occupancy from 90 percent to 60 percent. The hospital chief executive officer (CEO), Mike Hammer, believed that physicians played a significant role in this decline by having their allegiance to their profession rather than to the hospital. In his opinion, the physicians did not consider the economic repercussions of their medical practice; neither did they care about the situation in which they were placing the hospital. In this respect, the CEO used various conflict resolution techniques to solve the stalemate between the hospital and its employees, and among the employees. At first, the CEO attempted to communicate his concerns to physicians through Dr. Mark Williams, Director of Medicine, to no avail. Later on, he had to cut costs by computerization of hospital procedures resulting in firing of a highly efficient EKG reader, Dr. James Boyer, and replacing him with a non-satisfactory computerized EKG reading system. This infuriated the physicians as not only was one of them fired, but also the computerized system was implemented without their consent or consultation. Hammer refused to take responsibility and his Chief Operations Officer (COO), Marge Harding, who implemented the system without consultations, refused to attend meetings with physicians to avoid meeting them and explaining her policies. This is the first approach that the CEO took by organizing a meeting with the Director of Medicine who was in charge of the physicians. The intention was to have each party air its views on the situation at hand and come to an agreement that would be

Poverty in america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty in america - Essay Example Conservatives tend to focus on the poor, suggesting their behaviors are the cause of their poverty. Liberals, on the other hand, believe that poverty is created through social problems that cannot be solved by focusing on an individual. Poverty is a social issue and both liberals and conservatives have strong opinions on the topic. Liberal Point of View In their book on the welfare system and the aspects of social policies that have inadequately approached understanding the problem of poverty, Joel Handler and Yeheskel Hasenfeld suggest that the biggest problem with the system is that it is perpetually built upon a structure of myths that do not accurately represent the problem within the United States. The pervasive policy that causes the worst decision making is that through getting if the impoverished would just get a job, the impoverished state of a family would be improved. This policy does not take into consideration the low wages of most positions that are available without a college education, the cost of providing a roof, and most importantly, the lack of jobs and the impermanence of low paying jobs within the United States (Handler and Hasenfeld 4). This theory does not take into account that there are not enough jobs for the labor force. The liberal point of view embraces the idea that being poor is a state that comes from circumstance, many of which are out of the control of the individual. This point of view recognizes that poverty affects lives and that not having adequate shelter, food, or resources for health perpetuates a problem that may never be rectified even if those things are provided due to the economic state of the nation. Handler and Hasenfeld argue that one of the problems with defining poverty in the United States is the assumption that attaining a state above the federally defined poverty line means that a family is adequately supported through their own means. However, this is not often the case. The elements that go into to determ ining the concept of the poverty line are ’deeply flawed’, providing an inaccurate picture of the struggle of financial insecurity within the United States (Handler and Hasenfeld 5). In exploring the liberal point of view, there are many aspects to discuss, but the argument that Handler and Hasenfeld have made about the myths upon which public policy has been built appears to support the basic liberal viewpoint about poverty. People have needs, whether or not they can work. Hunger, according to FRAC (Food Research and Action Center) affects 50.2 million people who are living in food insecure households, with 23.2% of all children not eating on a regular basis. Social support is not about defrauding the taxpayer through welfare, but in trying to find a way to support the needs of people who are starving and in need of basic services for which the state of the economy cannot provide. Incidentally Conservative Point of View One of the stronger theories from the conservati ve point of view which emerged in the 1970s and 1980s on the poor is that of behavioral poverty. Behavioral poverty is based upon the concept that certain behaviors, primarily three behaviors, contribute to the state of poverty. The behaviors that lead to overcoming poverty are â€Å"completing high school, once an adult, get married and stay married (even if not on the first try), and stay employed, even at a wage and under conditions below their ultimate aims†

WW II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WW II - Essay Example Without indulging in the conflicts, the paper simply discusses the innovations occurred during WWII. Some economists claim that WWII achieved what no one could have achieved to that extent without of the occurrence of the war. World War II was extremely profitable in terms of innovations, some of which are still in use.1 The US Navy invented the RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) in 1940. Primarily, the Nazis were using radar successfully to steer and ground bombers at night as the British were detecting the well known German airplane with the help of the radar. However, German leaders undervalued the worth of radar and its machine part for water operation, SONAR (Sound Detection and Ranging). The British earned a noteworthy strategic reward in spotting German submarines and planes from miles away. This advanced warning system saved numerous lives and provided underdog British offensive strategies against the irresistible Germans. Jerrycan, a full-bodied container, was intended for carrying fuel. It was made up of the inheritance of Hitler to supply a way of carrying fuel by hand. The jerrycan is smart for more than a few reasons. First, it featured three handles so that it can be carried easily by one or two persons. The cross design of the sides of the can helps to strengthen it. It was easier for Germans to carry fuels during the war. In mid-1942, Japan occupied the entire Asia. They controlled almost the entire world’s delivery of natural rubber. What did actually Japan do with the rubber? It did nothing but built boots. Every single soldier, sailor, airman and marine required getting boots around for doing their job and without rubbers, it was almost impossible to do so. The United States also invented new techniques to produce synthetic rubber. GRS (government rubber styrene) is one of the gifts by the USA. Presently, most of the rubber materials that are used in various manufacturing companies worldwide are the descendents of GRS. The first worki ng jet engine was there in England just a couple of years before the war though the British did not spend much on technical innovation. On the other hand, the Germans made the â€Å"Messerschmitt Me 262† which turned into the â€Å"first jet-powered fighter aircraft†Ã¢â‚¬â€the best, most superior war plane at the time. â€Å"The Me 262† dealt with the dog fights with pokey crutch planes. The devastating invention of Americans was the atomic bomb in World War II. WWII ended up with one of the major events in the world history of science, welfare and technology. A group of US scientists, working in confidentiality, designed and structured the first atomic bomb. President Harry Truman took the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan. The use of atomic weapons introduced to an end of a dreadful conflict worldwide. But it was also the start of the contemporary nuclear age.2 It displayed the mounting significance of technology in a recent economy. The considera tion of geographic location is very important for the countries to make strategies. The USA always took the benefit of staying aloof on one side of the world. It was very difficult for other countries to target the USA by ignoring the geographical benefits it has. The success or loss from a war also depended on the topology and climatic conditions of a country. During the war with the Soviet Union, Germany tried to occupy the oil wells of the Soviet Union, but in this incident Hitler lost many of his solders as they were required to cover a long distance under unusually cold weather conditions. Germany and Japan took almost the same tactics to defend themselves against the attackers. Germany was very strong in the air forces but was

Case study. Ethical Dilemmas in Allen's Family Term Paper

Case study. Ethical Dilemmas in Allen's Family - Term Paper Example Apparent ethical dilemmas challenging Allen’s family are Autonomy and Beneficence. Autonomy invites an idea of liberty of option. Autonomy’s context avails the patients with the right of adopting their preference in matters regarding treating. Beneficence involves the idea of initiating the best practices for solving patient’s condition (Harding, 2010). This mainly advocates for being good to the patients to help them emerge out of their situations. Although these terms advocates for imperative ideas, they presents dilemma in care procedures. The Dilemma of Autonomy A chief actor unveiling the dilemma of autonomy is Clifford Allen. Allen’s is scuffling with a condition of depression. His condition has a medical solution but he is not ready to seek assistance. According to Allen, his condition is a weakness but not a sickness and he claims to have a personal solution to his problem. He only takes medications for other conditions; for instance, he frequently visits a physician for his BPH tests but he never discusses his depression problem. This implicates a stern challenge since understanding the right option to adopt becomes difficult. The autonomy principle allows Allen a choice of defining his fate by the virtue that he has a sober mind (Harding, 2010). However, taking medication seems a better solution to Allen’s problem. ... This creates a dilemma on the matter. Additionally, Pamela’ case reveals the idea clearly. Pamela presents a similar case as one with her husband. She constantly refuses to take chemotherapy and radiation prescriptions until her condition worsen. She feels that chemotherapy is not a good option for her condition. However, this is not the case because her health improves substantially after accepting the treatment. This implies that, subscribing chemotherapy was an ideal option for her condition but since Pamela has rights of choice according to autonomy postulate, imposing treatment is not justifiable. This develops the stand of autonomy as an ethical predicament. Importantly, Allen fails to uphold an initiative of autonomy. He is a victim of supremacy intricate. Allen himself refuses to take treatment because of his reasons; however, he strongly disputes the idea of his wife refusal of chemotherapy. He fails to remember that his wife also has a freedom of determining his fate . Consequently, he hates Pamela and he is not willing to relate with her stand. Indeed this position augments his depression hitch hence posing challenges to his health. A clear understanding and critical handling of the dilemma presented by the concept of autonomy would create a better environment in which they could substantially fight their problems. Beneficence Dilemma Numerous aspects in the family depicts beneficence dilemma. The spirit of adopting good practices to assist patients sometimes present challenging situations. Pamela presents a good paradigm of the impact of the idea of beneficence. She has risky determinations in ensuring her family overcomes their challenges. She quits her job to take care for her son. Moreover, she is very sensitive on her husband’s condition.

Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War Essay Example for Free

Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War Essay Compare the ways in which figures of authority are portrayed in Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War. Both Catch 22 and Oh! What a Lovely War are satirical comedies looking at the absurdity and tragedy of war. Being satires, they serve to expose the flaws in wartime situations and in doing so often develop criticisms of authoritative figures. Both texts approach the portrayal of authority in slightly different ways; being a play, Oh! What a Lovely War has a lot more scope for portraying its characters visually and aurally, whereas Catch 22 must work within its boundaries as a novel. Both texts employ humour to portray characters of authority; whereas Littlewoods play is more focused on dark humour, Heller uses his own brand of absurd irony throughout the novel this humour is central to most techniques used in both pieces of literature. Both texts were written in the 1960s, (Catch 22 was published in 1961 whilst Littlewoods play was performed two years later) an era synonymous with the development of youth culture and radical change. Although Catch 22 was initially snubbed by many of its critics, the novel found its readership amongst the emerging generation of men and women who were fiercely opposed to the Vietnam war. Littlewood did not face the same hostility in 1963 when Oh! What a Lovely War was first shown to the public. Performed by the Theatre Workshop a company she had co-created the play was warmly received by the audience and critics alike. Despite their different reactions, both texts were on the cutting edge of anti-war sentiment and continue to be modern classics. Although the texts focus on different wars and different perspectives (Littlewoods play explores World War One from a primarily British perspective and Hellers novel is an American outlook on World War Two) their main themes are similar. Both texts are exploring the tragedy of war, the utter absurdity of it, the thirst for power and money war brings, and the ignorance of authoritative organisations. Figures of authority are numerous in both pieces, and do not only include the upper ranks (such as Generals, Field Marshalls and Colonels) but also the representations of business and religious organisations, for they too can be viewed as having authoritative roles in society, especially in wartime. One technique used by both authors is a demonstration of the lack of communication between commanding powers. Littlewoods portrayal of the allied army leaders is very effective in signalling how inefficient they are at communicating with one another. The French General Lanzerac and British Field Marshall French do not even speak the same language, and Frenchs unwillingness to do so reveals the total futility and worthlessness of their meeting: Aide: Do you think I ought to organise an interpreter? French: Dont be ridiculous Wilson; the essential problem at the moment is the utmost secrecy.(p21) In this scene the obsession with secrecy over commonsense negotiations shows us how inefficient the allied army authorities are, and the analogy of the different languages spoken serves to demonstrate the complete lack of communication amongst authoritative powers that hold the fate of thousands in their hands. In the same way, Catch 22 looks at the problem of communication within the upper ranks. The call General Peckam receives from Ex P.C Wintergreen the sole words being T.S. Elliot'(sic) has no hidden meaning but is interpreted in an absurd way; Perhaps its a new code or something, like the colors of the day. Why dont you check with Communications and see if its a new code or something or the colors of the day? (p45). This sentence also shows us some insight into General Peckams intellect, which doesnt seem to be substantial demonstrated by the repetition and imprecision of speech. Another example of these communicative difficulties is the case of Major Major who receives documents to sign, which have his signature already. The squabbling within the upper ranks is evident in both texts and serves to show us the pettiness and idiocy of figures of authority. There are many instances in Catch 22 where the Generals are engaged in sneaky tricks against one another. General Dreedles hatred of his son-in-law Colonel Moodus for example, inspires him to keep a beautiful nurse just to torment him with, and the Great Loyalty Oath Crusade1 is started by Captain Black in an attempt to avenge himself on Major Major (who gained the promotion Captain Black was waiting for). Similarly in Oh! What a Lovely War, the Belgian, British and French army officials are at odds with one another. The Belgian army are in a sorry state, the French are angry at the British, and the British refuse to believe they have any responsibility in the war; Were not here under any obligation French persists in telling Lanzerac. The heated discussion only ends when Lanzerac is offered a medal on behalf of the King of England. This gesture pleases the General, who kisses French on both cheeks and leaves, suggesting that the upper ranks of the army are only interested in recognition and promotion. This is a very powerful notion in Catch 22, in which key characters such as Colonel Korn and Colonel Cathcart will do everything in their power to be promoted. Cathcart says of his ambition: What else have we got to do? Everyone teaches us to aspire to higher things. A general is higher than a colonel and a colonel is higher than a lieutenant colonel. So were both aspiring (p450). One of the most important aspects of both texts is how different the experience of war is for the upper ranks and the ordinary men. The inability of authoritative figures to understand the realities of war and their cruel, seemingly deliberate ignorance in many situations is demonstrated in a number of key scenes. An important example of this in Oh! What a Lovely War is on pages 50/51 where a commanding officer reveals his detachment from ordinary trench life, and his unawareness of the death that surrounds the men every day; Ye Gods! Whats that? he asks the Lieutenant upon encountering a German limb that holds up the parapet, immediately telling the men to get rid of it as soon as possible. The Sergeants response reveals how clueless those in authority are to the brutalities of war: Heads, trunks, blood all over the place, and all hes worried about is a damned leg. This warped, uninformed sense of priority and general detachment is evident in Catch 22, especially within Colonel Cathcarts storyline. Hellers novel is jumbled chronologically, but one dependable indication of time is the number of missions the men are forced to fly under Cathcarts orders, which steadily increases as the story progresses. What is simply a number for the colonel is a very real death threat to the men of his squadron, many of whom reach the target just as the missions increase. Cathcart raises them for purely selfish reasons he hopes to gain recognition for his squadrons record and receive a promotion. The Colonels constant cry of Doesnt he know theres a war going on when Yossarian refuses to fly further missions is one of Hellers brilliant lines of absurd irony, as it relates directly to the figures of authority in the novel. They seem to be playing an insane game, unaware of how their actions affect the men they themselves dont realise theyre fighting a war. Other instances of differences between upper and lower rank men can be found in both texts. The final scene of Oh! What a Lovely War portrays the men as lambs to the slaughter at the order of their glory-obsessed officer, and we find them shouting Baaa baaa baaa (p86) as they advance towards the guns. In Catch 22 the Colonels are amazed that the ordinary men worship the same God as them, and after the revelation from the Chaplain refuse to believe it saying What nonsense! Does he expect us to believe that? and Chaplain, arent you stretching things a bit far now?(p407). A noticeable aspect of both texts is the portrayal of other key figures of authority primarily those of big business and religion. Where Littlewood is severely critical of both, Heller holds some sympathy for his character the Chaplain (a representation of religion). Common to both writers is a disgust toward capitalists who exploit war for their own commercial gain. The munitions manufacturers in Oh! What a Lovely War are introduced on stage as members of a shooting party, an ironic analogy highlighting the part they play in the destruction of so many young men. They discuss the peace scares that threaten their income, and congratulate one another for their inhuman schemes in money making: Britain: German chappies were caught on their own barbed wire?.Dashed clever. (p46) In the same way, the character Milo Minderbinder in Catch 22 exposes the lack of morals and boundaries capitalism creates in wartime. His collaboration with the enemy goes unnoticed due to his profit-making, and he even ends up bombing his own men and planes as part of a German contract; If I can persuade the Germans to pay me a thousand dollars for every plane I shoot down, why shouldnt I?'(p273) he tells Yossarian. The forces of religious belief in Littlewoods play are greeted with hostility as tools for the war propaganda machine, who support the war effort rather than fighting for the rights of the soldiers; Chaplain: it is no longer a sin to labour for war on the Sabbaththe Chief Rabbi has absolved your Jewish brethren from abstaining from pork in the trenches. (p77) Religion is portrayed in a slightly more sympathetic light in Hellers novel. The Chaplain is the only character who really connects with Yossarian, and his efforts to help dissuade the Generals from raising the number of missions proves a real commitment and solidarity to the squadron. He is rejected from the Officers Hall and treated disrespectfully by the Colonels, showing us that even Christianity is powerless in the face of such frighteningly stubborn authority. Another key theme of both texts is the portrayal of war as a game, or as something frivolous and light-hearted by those in authority. The very form of Oh! What a Lovely War is as a musical show, with song and dance. Key song titles include Ill make a man out of you and the grand finale track Oh its a lovely war which paints the text as a Broadway extravaganza rather than a harrowing look at battle. This technique is very effective in creating a bitter and attacking tone towards authoritative powers especially considering the nature of the opening scene. In a circus like frenzy the MC brings on the players of the war game; France, Germany, Austria, Ireland, Great Britain and Russia. This structural difference between the play and Catch 22 means that Oh! What a Lovely War parodies authority more consistently. Littlewood constructed the play as a show, so the ability of characters in power to undermine the seriousness of war is endless. The War Game is a classic example of this, as is the grouse-shooting party which consists of munitions manufacturers from the key nations involved in war. Other techniques were available to Littlewood lyrically bitter songs and the use of slides as an accompaniment to the speech, which both served as attacking forces against the power of authority in the play. Examples of this can be found in song titles such as If the sergeant steals your rum and ironic lyrics like with our old commander, safely in the rear in the hymn Onward Christian Soldiers. The use of slides and the newspanel is used on many occasions as a reinforcement of the ignorance seen in authoritative men such as Haig: Newspanel: BY NOV 1916 TWO AND A HALF MILLION MEN KILLED ON WESTERN FRONT Haig: I thank you, God; the attack is a great success. (p78) They are also used comically to outline the stupidity of the Generals: British Admiral: Have you got a plan? British General: Of course. Slide 5: A blank British Admiral: Yes, I thought so. (p6) In a structural sense, the techniques available to Heller with which to parody authority are much more limited. In a novel, all character representations are formed with literary descriptions and cannot rely on visual or aural aids like a play. His technique of storytelling is not as varied or spectacular as Littlewoods, but the effects of his bizarre plots are as successful in criticising authoritative powers as the use of slides and song in Oh! What a Lovely War. Colonel Cathcarts bombing pattern is a sufficient example of this and bears comparison with the War Game approach by Littlewood. Disregarding the fact that men are risking their lives on the insane bombardier missions they are forced to fly, Cathcarts sole concern is whether their bombs create an aesthetically pleasing pattern from the air We didnt get the bridge he tells Milo whilst recalling a previous mission, but we did have a beautiful bomb pattern. I remember General Peckam commenting on it. (p The episodic form of both texts may disrupt the sense of progression, but it is noticeable that the tone of both pieces of literature changes as they near completion. The bitterness towards authority increases, and humour is more often interspersed with moments of seriousness and tragedy. In Act Two of Littlewoods play, a moment of chaos reaches a serious climax with the juxtaposition of Haig and the British Generals telephone conversations against a background of men singing They were only playing leapfrog. The two men speak simultaneously in broken sentences until Haigs final comment No, you must reserve the artillery; we are using too many shells is uttered at the same time as the Generals last words, Night has fallen. The clouds are gathering. The men are lost somewhere in no mans land. This uncharacteristically sombre moment is shocking and serves to signpost the ignorance and inhumanity of Haig in times of crisis. In a similar way the absurd force of bureaucracy in Hellers novel borders on seriousness when Don Daneeka is recorded as killed and remains dead due to the power of paperwork. His presence in the novel is a tragic reminder of the madness of war, and his character becomes a living ghost, the sacks under his eyes turned hollow and black, and he padded through the shadows fruitlessly like an ubiquitous spookthen, only then, did he realize that, to all intents and purposes, he really was dead. (p366) The endings of both texts leave the reader with a slightly different outlook of authority and war. Whereas Oh! What a Lovely War finishes as it started, with a grand song in the traditional musical style, Catch 22 is much more subdued and understated. Both endings tell us something about the intention of the author, and of their opinion on the subject of war and authority. Littlewood wants to leave the audience feeling embittered and slightly outraged at the notion of the Great War as a show, in order to demonstrate the atrocities committed by those in authority against the ordinary men. The final songs Chanson de Craonne, I dont want to be a Soldier, And when they ask us, and Oh its a lovely war express both comic elements (Id rather stay at home and live off the earnings of a lady typist) and the tragic undertones that run throughout the play (I dont want a bayonet in my belly). Although these final songs are more preoccupied with the tragedy and futility of warfare, their tone is still bitter towards commanding powers such as the King and the Generals who promised them a lovely war, and described the life of a soldier as the cushiest job they would ever have. The cause of this great tragedy is clearly explained in Littlewoods play as a direct result of the ignorance and greed of commanding powers, in particular the European Empires and Haig, along with his circle of title-seeking aristocrats. Within the play there are other specific objects of blame; firstly the British Generals, Field Marshall French, and the British Aristocracy. Other possible areas of criticism lie in the portrayal of religion, and of the capitalists who profited from the war. Oh! What a Lovely War is a text very much favouring the ordinary soldiers, all of whom are represented as decent, kind-hearted, and spirited young men. These soldiers are the victims of authoritative powers, they are the lambs going to slaughter, and the grouse at the shooting party. Littlewood is not vague or subtle in her attack of the commanding men, and portrays them as idiots, fat cats and cowards. She intends to show us that they were the main cause of madness in wartime, and that these men of authority should be held to blame for the destruction of a generation. The conclusion of Catch 22 is quite different, and ends with the spontaneous attempt by Yossarian to run away from the military base. Hellers ending is a very interesting final act of defiance for his character, against the powers of authority in the novel. Despite having an easy route out of the air force a simple but dishonest deal with Colonel Cathcart and Colonel Korn Yossarian chooses to reject it. The presence of Natelys whore at the very end of the novel, who unsuccessfully tries to stab him, is perhaps an indicator that Yossarian is making the right choice in escaping from the madness and corruption of bureaucracy (the main authoritative force in Catch 22). The specific targeting of key characters is evident in Hellers novel as it was in Oh! What a Lovely War, with the Colonels and Generals (Cathcart, Korn, Dreedle and Peckam among others) being the main hosts for criticism. However, I believe there is a difference between both texts regarding the role authoritative figures play in war. Whereas Littlewood shows us that the commanding men create the chaos due to their own callous stupidity, in Catch 22 the madness of war seems to be a character unto itself. Although the commanding officers are idiotic and dangerously selfish, this insane wartime logic affects most of the ordinary men except for Yossarian and the Chaplain. A good example of this is near the end of the novel when Aarfy one of the men in the squadron rapes and kills a young girl. wYossarians utter horror when he discovers the scene is elevated further with the arrival of the police, who arrest him for being in Rome without a pass, completely ignoring the dead body on the pavement. Aarfys explanation I hardly think theyre going to make too much of a fuss over one poor Italian servant girl, when so many thousands of lives are being lost every day seems to bear a lot of truth. The infuriating authority figures in this novel and the foolish stunts they are engaged in appear to be more a product of war madness than a cause of it. Therefore, although both texts portray figures of authority in similar ways, their intentions are fundamentally different. Littlewood blames the commanding individuals and glorifies the men who were sacrificed under ridiculous orders. Heller looks beyond these small but powerful characters to a greater evil the madness of war and the insane chaos it creates in all; Colonels, Generals, Capitalists and even ordinary soldiers. 1 The Great Loyalty Oath Crusade was created to divert attention towards Captain Black and thus gain him a promotion the men must swear an oath of allegiance to get their pay from the finance officerto have their hair cut by the barbers. (p125)

Cutting Fluids and Lubrication in Manufacturing

Cutting Fluids and Lubrication in Manufacturing Importance Of Cutting Fluids And Lubrication In Manufacturing Processes 1. Introduction:- Cutting Fluids:- Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations iii Cutting fluids have been used extensively in metal cutting operations for the last 200 years. In the beginning, cutting fluids consisted of simple oils applied with brushes to lubricate and cool the machine tool. Occasionally, lard, animal fat or whale oil was added to improve the oils lubricity. As cutting operations became more severe, cutting fluid formulations became more complex. Todays cutting fluids are special blends of chemical additives, lubricants and water formulated to meet the performance demands of the metalworking industry. There are now several types of cutting fluids on the market, the most common of which can be broadly categorized as cutting oils or water-miscible fluids. Water-miscible fluids, including soluble oils, synthetics and semisynthetics, are now used in approximately 80 to 90 percent of all applications. Although straight cutting oils are less popular than they were in the past, they are still the fluid of choice for certain metalworking applications. Cutting fluids play a significant role in machining operations and impact shop productivity, tool life and quality of work. With time and use, fluids degrade in quality and eventually require disposal once their efficiency is lost. Waste management and disposal have become increasingly more complex and expensive. Environmental liability is also a major concern with waste disposal. Many companies are now paying for environmental cleanups or have been fined by regulatory agencies as the result of poor waste disposal practices. Fortunately, cutting fluid life may be extended significantly by implementing an effective fluid management program. The primary objective of fluid management is to maintain fluid quality and performance through administration, monitoring, maintenance and recycling practices. This allows machine shops to make the most cost-effective use of their fluid. It is also the best pollution prevention technology available. Overall, fluid management provides a means to: Operate in a more environmentally sound manner; Improve productivity and reduce costs; Increase competitiveness; Maintain environmental compliance and reduce environmental liability; Consistently manufacture quality products; and Provide a healthier and safer work environment for employees. Proper management of cutting and grinding fluids may also prevent them from being declared a hazardous waste at the end of their useful life. With increasing environmental regulation, a reduction in cutting fluid waste is an economical, practical and achievable goal. Cutting Fluids: (Lubricants + Coolants) Used in machining as well as abrasive machining processes Reduces friction wear Reduce forces and energy consumption Cools the cutting zone Wash away the chips Protect Machined surfaces from environmental corrosion  · The term â€Å"cutting fluids† is used to denote the coolants and lubricants that are used in metal machining and their allied operations like lapping, honing etc. Thin-wall milling of aluminum using a water-based cutting fluid on the milling cutter. Cutting fluids are various fluids that are used in machining to cool and lubricate the cutting tool. There are various kinds of cutting fluids, which include oils, oil-water emulsions, pastes, gels, and mists. They may be made from petroleum distillates, animal fats, plant oils, or other raw ingredients. Depending on context and on which type of cutting fluid is being considered, it may be referred to as cutting fluid, cutting oil, cutting compound, coolant, or lubricant. Every kind of machining (e.g., turning, boring, drilling, milling, broaching, grinding, sawing, shaping, planing, reaming, tapping) can potentially benefit from one kind of cutting fluid or another, depending on work piece material. (Cast iron and brass are usually machined dry. Interrupted cuts such as milling with carbide cutters are usually recommended to be used dry due to damage to the cutters caused by thermo shock). 2. Cutting Fluid Characteristics Functions Of Cutting Fluid The primary function of cutting fluid is temperature control through cooling and lubrication. Application of cutting fluid also improves the quality of the workpiece by continually removing metal fines and cuttings from the tool and cutting zone. Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations 2 Temperature Control Laboratory tests have shown that heat produced during machining has a definite bearing on tool wear. Reducing cutting-tool temperature is important since a small reduction in temperature will greatly extend cutting tool life. As cutting fluid is applied during machining operations, it removes heat by carrying it away from the cutting tool/workpiece interface . This cooling effect prevents tools from exceeding their critical temperature range beyond which the tool softens and wears rapidly . Fluids also lubricate the cutting tool or work piece interface, minimizing the amount of heat generated by friction. A fluids cooling and lubrication properties are critical in decreasing tool wear and extending tool life. Cooling and lubrication are also important in achieving the desired size, finish and shape of the work piece. No one particular fluid has cooling and lubrication properties suitable for every metalworking application. Straight oils provide the best lubrication but poor cooling capacities. Water, on the other hand, is an effective cooling agent, removing heat 2.5 times more rapidly than oil. Alone, water is a very poor lubricant and causes rusting. Soluble oils or chemicals that improve lubrication, prevent corrosion and provide Other essential qualities must be added in order to transform water into a good metalworking fluid. Removal Of Cuttings And Particulates A secondary function of metalworking fluid is to remove chips and metal fines from the tool/workpiece interface. To prevent a finished surface from becoming marred, cutting chips generated during machining operations must be continually flushed away from the cutting zone. Application of cutting fluid also reduces the occurrence of built-up edge (BUE). BUE refers to metal particulates which adhere to the edge of a tool during machining of some metals. BUE formation causes increased friction and alters the geometry of the machine tool. This, in turn, affects workpiece quality, often resulting in a poor surface finish and inconsistencies in work piece size. Metalworking fluids decrease the occurrence of BUE by providing a chemical interface between the machine tool and work piece. Cutting Fluid Properties In addition to providing a good machining environment, a cutting fluid should also function safely and effectively during machining operations. Corrosion Protection Cutting fluids must offer some degree of corrosion protection. Freshly cut ferrous metals tend to rust Rapidly since any protective coatings have been removed by the machining operation. A good Metalworking fluid will inhibit rust formation to avoid damage to machine parts and the work piece. It will also impart a protective film on cutting chips to prevent their corrosion and the formation of Difficult-to-manage chunks or clinkers. To inhibit corrosion, a fluid must prevent metal, moisture and oxygen from coming together. Chemical metalworking fluids now contain additives which prevent corrosion through formation of invisible, nonporous films. Compounds (such as amines and fatty acids) which form a protective coating on a metals surface, blocking chemical reactions. Passivating films are formed by inorganic compounds containing oxygen (such as borates, phosphates and silicates). These compounds react with the metal surface, producing a coating that inhibits corrosion. Management for Small 3 Cutting Fluid Stability/Rancidity Control In the early days of the industrial revolution, lard oil was used as a cutting fluid. After a few days, lard oil would start to spoil and give off an offensive odor. This rancidity was caused by bacteria and other microscopic organisms that grew and multiplied within the oil. Modern metalworking fluids are susceptible to the same problem. No matter how good the engineering qualities of a coolant, if it develops an offensive odour, it can cause problems for management. The toxicity of a fluid may also increase dramatically if it becomes rancid due to chemical decomposition, possibly causing the fluid to become a hazardous waste. Fluid rancidity shortens fluid life and may lead to increased costs and regulatory burdens associated with fluid disposal. A good cutting fluid resists decomposition during its storage and use. Most cutting fluids are now formulated with bactericides and other additives to control microbial growth, enhance fluid performance and improve fluid stability. Transparency And Viscosity In some operations, fluid transparency or clarity may be a desired characteristic for a cutting fluid. Transparent fluids allow operators to see the workpiece more clearly during machining operations. Viscosity is an important property with respect to fluid performance and maintenance. Lower viscosity fluids allow grit and dirt to settle out of suspension. Removal of these contaminants improves the quality of the fluid recirculating through the machining system. This can impact product quality, fluid life and machine shop productivity. Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations 4 3. Fluid Selection Oil-Based Fluids including straight oils, soluble oils and ag-based oils Chemical Fluids including synthetics and semisynthetics Fluids vary in suitability for metalworking operations. Petroleum-based cutting oils are frequently used for drilling and tapping operations due to their excellent lubricity while water-miscible fluids provide the cooling properties required for most turning and grinding operations. A. Oil-Based Cutting Fluids Straight Oils (100% Petroleum Oil) Straight oils, so called because they do not contain water, are basically petroleum, mineral, or age-based oils. They may have additives designed to improve specific properties. Generally additives are not required for the easiest tasks such as light-duty machining of ferrous and nonferrous metals. For more severe applications, straight oils may contain wetting agents (typically up to 20% fatty oils) These additives improve the oils wettability; that is, the ability of the oil to coat the cutting tool, workpiece and metal fines. They also enhance lubrication, improve the oils ability to handle large amounts of metal fines, and help guard against microscopic welding in heavy duty machining. For extreme conditions, additives (primarily with chlorine and sulfurized fatty oils) may exceed 20%. These additives strongly enhance the Antiwelding properties of the product. Soluble Oils (60-90% Petroleum Oil) Soluble oils (also referred to as emulsions, emulsifiable oils or water-soluble oils) are generally comprised of 60-90 percent petroleum or mineral oil, emulsifiers and other additives. A concentrate is mixed with water to form the metalworking fluid. When mixed, emulsifiers (a soap-like material) cause the oil to disperse in water forming a stable â€Å"oil-in-water† emulsion . They also cause the oils to cling to the workpiece during machining. Emulsifier particles refract light, giving the fluid a milky, Opaque appearance. ADVANTAGES. Soluble oils offer improved cooling capabilities and good lubrication due to the blending of oil and water. They also tend to leave a protective oil film on moving components of machine tools and resist emulsification of greases and slideway oils. Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations 6 Soluble oils are a general purpose product suitable for light and medium duty operations involving a variety of ferrous and nonferrous applications. Although they do not match the lubricity offered by straight oils, wetting agents and EP additives (such as chlorine, phosphorus or sulfur compounds) can extend their machining application range to include heavy-duty operations. Most cutting operations handled by straight oils (such as broaching, trepanning, and tapping) may be accomplished using heavy-duty soluble oils. B. Chemical Cutting Fluids Chemical cutting fluids, called synthetic or semisynthetic fluids, have been widely accepted since they were first introduced in about 1945. They are stable, preformed emulsions which contain very little oil and mix easily with water. Chemical cutting fluids rely on chemical agents for lubrication and friction reduction. These additives also improve wettability These compounds react with freshly-machined metal to form chemical layers which act as a solid lubricant and guard against welding during heavy-duty machining operations. Fluids containing EP lubricants significantly Reduce the heat generated during cutting and grinding operations. Synthetics (0% Petroleum Oil) Synthetic fluids contain no petroleum or mineral oil. They were introduced in the late 1950s and generally consist of chemical lubricants and rust inhibitors dissolved in water. Like soluble oils, synthetics are provided as a concentrate which is mixed with water to form the metalworking fluid. These fluids are designed for high cooling capacity, lubricity, corrosion prevention, and easy maintenance. Due to their higher cooling capacity, synthetics tend to be preferred for high-heat, high-velocity turning operations such as surface grinding. They are also desirable when clarity or low foam characteristics are required. Heavy-duty synthetics, introduced during the last few years, are now capable of handling most machining operations. Synthetic fluids can be further classified as simple, complex or emulsifiable synthetics based on their composition. Simple synthetic concentrates (also referred to as true solutions) are primarily used for light duty grinding operations. Complex synthetics contain synthetic lubricants and may be used for moderate to heavy duty machining operations. Machining may also be performed at higher speeds .inning Operations Synthetics are easily separated from the workpiece and chips, allowing for easy cleaning and handling of these materials. In addition, since the amount of fluid clinging to the workpiece and chips is reduced Disadvantages. Synthetic fluids are easily contaminated by other machine fluids such as lubricating oils and need to be monitored and maintained to be used effectively. Semisynthetics (2-30% Petroleum Oil) As the name implies, semisynthetics (also referred to as semi-chemical fluids) are essentially a hybrid of soluble oils and synthetics. They contain small dispersions of mineral oil, typically 2 to 30 percent, in a water-dilutable concentrate . The remaining portion of a semi-synthetic concentrate Semisynthetics are often referred to as chemical emulsions or preformed chemical emulsions since the concentrate already contains water and the emulsification of oil and water occurs during its production. Most semisynthetics are also heat sensitive. Oil molecules in semisynthetics tend to gather around the cutting tool and provide more lubricity. As the solution cools, the molecules redisperse. 4. Mechanisms Of Actions Cooling:- Metal cutting operations involve generation of heat due to friction between the tool and the pieces and due to energy lost deforming the material. The surrounding air alone is a rather poor coolant for the cutting tool, because the rate of heat transfer is low. Ambient-air cooling is adequate for light cuts with periods of rest in between, such as are typical in maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) work or hobbyist contexts. However, for heavy cuts and constant use, such as in production work, more heat is produced per time period than ambient-air cooling can remove. It is not acceptable to introduce long idle periods into the cycle time to allow the air-cooling of the tool to catch up when the heat-removal can instead be accomplished with a flood of liquid, which can keep up with the heat generation. Lubrication At The Tool-Chip Interface:- Besides cooling, cutting fluids also aid the cutting process by lubricating the interface between the tools cutting edge and the chip. By preventing friction at this interface, some of the heat generation is prevented. This lubrication also helps prevent the chip from being welded onto the tool, which interferes with subsequent cutting.  · Delivery Methods:- Every conceivable method of applying cutting fluid (e.g., flooding, spraying, dripping, misting, brushing) can be used, with the best choice depending on the application and the equipment available. For many metal cutting applications the ideal would be high-pressure, high-volume pumping to force a stream of fluid directly into the tool-chip interface, with walls around the machine to contain the splatter and a sump to catch, filter, and recirculate the fluid. This type of system is commonly employed, especially in manufacturing. It is often not a practical option for MRO or hobbyist metalcutting, where smaller, simpler machine tools are used. Active Cutting Oils:- Highly colourised mineral oil Normally black in colour with a pungent smell Oils at above discussed point, diluted with low viscosity mineral oil Lighter in colour. Light transparent mineral oil carrying sulphur or chlorine Light in colour and suitable for even severe cutting conditions. Light transparent mineral oil carrying sulphur or chlorine mixed with sulfurised and chlorinated or fatty oils or acids They find a common application. Inactive Cutting Oils:- The Inactive cutting oils are the straight mineral oils or straight mineral oils mixed with neat fatty oils, acids or sulfurised fatty oils. Among the fatty oils commonly used are lard oil, tallow and some fatty acids. Pastes Or Gels:- Cutting fluid may also take the form of a paste or gel when used for some applications, in particular hand operations such as drilling and tapping. Mists:- Some cutting fluids are used in mist (aerosol) form, although breathing such a lubricant in mist form is a severe and immediate health hazard. Present:- Kerosene, rubbing alcohol, and 3-In-One Oil often give good results when working on aluminium. Lard is suitable for general machining and also press tool work. Mineral oil WD-40 Dielectric fluid is the cutting fluid used in Electrical discharge machines (EDMs). It is usually deionised water or a high-flash-point kerosene. Intense heat is generated by the cutting action of the electrode (or wire) and the fluid is used to stabilise the temperature of the work piece, along with flushing any eroded particles from the immediate work area. The dielectric fluid is nonconductive. Liquid- (water- or petroleum oil-) cooled water tables are used with the plasma arc cutting (PAC) process. Past:- In 19th-century machining practice, it was not uncommon to use plain water. This was simply a practical expedient to keep the cutter cool, regardless of whether it provided any lubrication at the cutting edge-chip interface. When one considers that high-speed steel (HSS) had not been developed yet, the need to cool the tool becomes all the more apparent. (HSS retains its hardness at high temperatures; other carbon tool steels do not.) An improvement was soda water, which better inhibited the rusting of machine slides. These options are generally not used today because better options are available. Lard was very popular in the past. It is used infrequently today, because of the wide variety of other options, but it is still an option. Old machine shop training texts speak of using red lead and white lead, often mixed into lard or lard oil. This practice is obsolete. Lead is a health hazard, and excellent non-lead-containing options are available. From the mid-20th century to the 1990s, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane was used as an additive to make some cutting fluids more effective. 5. Enviornmental Impact:- Old, used cutting fluid must be disposed of when it is fetid or when it is chemically degraded and has lost its performance. As with used motor oil or other wastes, its impact on the environment should be mitigated. Legislation and regulation specify how this mitigation should be achieved. Enforcement is the most challenging aspect. Modern cutting fluid disposal may involve techniques such as ultra filtration using polymeric or ceramic membranes which concentrates the suspended and emulsified oil phase. 6. Coolants:- A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that use or dissipate it. An ideal coolant has high thermal capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, and chemically inert, neither causing nor promoting corrosion of the cooling system. Some applications also require the coolant to be an electrical insulator. While the term coolant is commonly used in automotive, residential and commercial temperature-control applications, in industrial processing, heat transfer fluid is one technical term more often used, in high temperature as well as low temperature manufacturing applications. The coolant can either keep its phase and stay liquid or gaseous, or can undergo a phase change, with the latent heat adding to the cooling efficiency. The latter, when used to achieve low temperatures, is more commonly known as refrigerant. 1) Gases:- Air is a common form of a coolant. Air cooling uses either convective airflow (passive cooling), or a forced circulation using fans. Hydrogen, the first hydrogen-cooled turbo generator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power Light Co, because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas this is the most common type in its field today. Inert gases are frequently used as coolants in gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Helium is the most favored coolant due to its low tendency to absorb neutrons and become radioactive. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are frequently used as well. Sulfur hexafluoride is used for cooling and insulating of some high-voltage power systems (circuit breakers, switches, some transformers, etc.). Steam can be used where high specific heat capacity is required in gaseous form and the corrosive properties of hot water are accounted for. 2) Liquids:- The most common coolant is water. Its high heat capacity and low cost makes it a suitable heat-transfer medium. It is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and antifreezes. Antifreeze, a solution of a suitable organic chemical (most often ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or propylene glycol) in water, is used when the water-based coolant has to withstand temperatures below 0  °C, or when its boiling point has to be raised. Butane is a similar coolant, with the exception that it is made from pure plant juice, and is therefore not toxic or difficult to dispose of ecologically. Very pure deionised water, due to its relatively low electrical conductivity, is used to cool some electrical equipment, often high-power transmitters. Heavy water is used in some nuclear reactors; it also serves as a neutron moderator. Cutting fluid is a coolant that also serves as a lubricant for metal-shaping machine tools. EX:-. Some fast breeder nuclear reactors. Sodium or sodium-potassium alloy NaK are frequently used; in special cases lithium can be employed. Another liquid metal used as a coolant is lead, in EX:- lead cooled fast reactors, or a lead-bismuth alloy. Some early fast neutron reactors used mercury. 7. Lubrication Lubricant:- A lubricant (sometimes referred to as lube) is a substance (often a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction between them, improving efficiency and reducing wear. They may also have the function of dissolving or transporting foreign particles and of distributing heat. One of the single largest applications for lubricants, in the form of motor oil, is to protect the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered equipment. Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefin, esters, silicones, fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation, aging or contamination, etc. Lubricants such as 2-cycle oil are also added to some fuels. Sulfur impurities in fuels also provide some lubrication properties, which have to be taken in account when switching to a low-sulfur diesel; biodiesel is a popular diesel fuel additive providing additional lubricity. Non-liquid lubricants include grease, powders (dry graphite, PTFE, Molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, etc.), teflon tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350  °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature. Purpose:- Lubricants perform the following key functions:- 1) Keep moving parts apart 2) Reduce friction 3) Transfer heat 4) Carry away contaminants debris 5) Transmit power 6) Protect against wear 7) Prevent corrosion 8) Seal for gasses 9) Stop the risk of smoke and fire of objects General Composition:- Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base oil and a minority of additives to impart desirable characteristics. Types Of Lubricants:- 1) Gas 2) Liquid including emulsions and suspensions e, natural water repellant) Water Mineral oils Vegetable (natural oil) Synthetic oils Other liquids 3) Solid 4) Greases 5) Adhesive 8. Use And Application Of Cutting Fluids:- Automotive Engine oils Petrol (Gasoline) engine oils Diesel engine oils Automatic transmission fluid Gearbox fluids Brake fluids Hydraulic fluids Tractor (one lubricant for all systems) Universal Tractor Transmission Oil UTTO Super Tractor Oil Universal STOU includes engine Other motors 2-stroke engine oils Industrial Hydraulic oils Air compressor oils Gas Compressor oils Gear oils Bearing and circulating system oils Refrigerator compressor oils Steam and gas turbine oils Aviation Gas turbine engine oils Piston engine oils Marine Crosshead cylinder oils Crosshead Crankcase oils Trunk piston engine oils 9. Components Of Fluid Management Program Administration:- Commit the personnel, equipment and other resources necessary for the program. Encourage employee support and participation. Designate fluid management personnel to implement the program. Survey the fluids, machines and sump capacities of the shop. Develop a record keeping system to track the program. Monitoring And Maintenance Prepare and mix the fluid according to manufacturers directions. Use quality water to dilute fluid concentrate and replenish evaporation losses. Monitor and maintain proper fluid concentration. Monitor for microbial contamination and control microbial growth through water quality control, maintaining proper fluid concentration and pH, routine maintenance of equipment, biocide additions and aeration. Monitor pH for signs of fluid degradation. Perform regular machining system inspections and maintenance practices, particulate removal, tramp oil control, general housekeeping and annual cleanouts. Prevent foaming with proper fluid concentration, quality water and eliminating mechanical effects that agitate cutting fluid. Recycle fluid well before it becomes significantly degraded. Never attempt to recycle rancid fluid. Select fluid recycling equipment based on the needs, objectives and financial resources of the shop. 10. Chemical Treatment:- Chemical treatment is the addition of chemicals which change the nature of the liquid waste. Simple chemical-treatment methods work well on some wastewater. Metalworking wastes are too complex for most treatment processes. Chemical treatment beyond pH control is generally not an option for small facilities. 11. Ultra Filtration System:- Ultra filtration systems were created for the metalworking industry to treat such wastes as used cutting fluids, detergents, parts-washing solutions, and other oily wastewaters. Strict environmental laws require proper treatment prior to discharge. Ultrafiltration systems provide effective treatment of this wastewater by separating the water from the oily waste. The quality of water is then ready for sewer disposal. <

Cell Culture and Proliferations | Experiment

Cell Culture and Proliferations | Experiment To study the cell proliferation of Mouse Y1 adrenocotical cells by using MTT (3-(4, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and crystal violet staining methods. INTRODUCTION In general, Cell proliferation means multiplication/Reproduction of cells for increasing cell population in a very short span of time. The assay of cell proliferation is to measure the number of cells which are present in the dividing culture medium. Cell proliferation is controlled by using growth factor (Fetal calf serum), Which normally bind to the surface receptors present on the cell membrane generally regulate the cell signaling molecules, which pass the message to nucleus by help of receptor generally where the transcription factor gets bind to the DNA, makes turn off turn on the protein synthesis mechanism, responsible for cell division. Cell proliferation method is very important for studying various biological factors like bioassay, carcinogenic analysis and other toxicological tests. Generally two metods are used for studying cell proliferation i.e. crystal violet staining method and MTT (3-(4, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) method, here these methods are used to study ce ll growth in mouse Y1 adrenocotical cells. In crystal violet staining method, the DNA of cells is going to stained by crystal violet which produces a colour intensity that is proportional to the cultured cells(including newly proliferated cells). In this method, the principle involved to calculate the cell proliferation is based on the absorbance taken up by the viable cells in culture at different concentrations after the cells are stained with crystal violet. In MTT (3-(4, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) method, the assay depends on the amount of MTT taken up by the cells, tetrazolium salt is water soluble which produces yellow colour. The tetrazolium MTT is metabolically reduced by active cells, in presence of dehydrogenase enzymes, producing NADH and NADPH which are reducing equivalents. This results in the formation of purple formazan intracellularly, which is measured by spectrophotometer. MATERIALS METHODS Cell culture: In DMEM (Dulbeccos modification of eagles medium),mouse Y1 adrenocotical cells which were grown on monolayer was removed by using mixture of trypsin and EDTA (0.05% and 0.02% ).The cells are incubated by 5minutes by adding Trypsin/EDTA(7ml).After incubation the flask was removed and tapped gently to separate undetached cells. The contents of the cell are transferred to a universal container for centrifugation at 1000rpm/ 5mins.Supernatant was discarded and medium is added for resuspending the cell pellet. The cell number was estimated by using Haemocytometer counter for 15ml the cell suspension dilution was prepared containing density 1.25X105 cells/ml of suspension. In 96 well plate, 60 wells were filled with 100Â µl cell suspension, in this the remaining outer wells are filled with Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS) of 200Â µl.Allowed the plate overnight in a gas incubator to settle down the cells. Those cells were treated with Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) of different concentrations vary ing from 0% to20% in universal tubes.12 wells of plate were filled with 200Â µl of different concentrations. These plates were incubated for a period of 24hours. Cells were washed with Phosphate Buffered Solution (PBS) for three times using multichannel micropipette; later media containing various serum concentrations were added. These two 96 well plates were used for crystal violet staining and MTT (3-(4, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay after 72 hours of incubation. Crystal Violet Staining Method: The cells were removed from central 60 wells of 96 well plates and filled with 200Â µl of methanol in a fume cupboard. After 15minutes methanol was removed from the plate and was left to dry in the fume cupboard. Once the plates were dried the cells were stained with 200Â µl of crystal violet. Once the staining is complete after 20minutes the plates were washed with Distilled water for atleast three (3) times and then solubilized the cell layer by using 50Â µl of 10% glacial acetic acid. The plates were then kept for incubation in a gas incubator for thirty minutes after incubation Absorbance of wells was measured at 540nm. MTT STAINING METHOD: The cells present in the central 60 wells of 96 well plate were treated with 20Â µl of MTT (5mg/ml solution in PBS) and was left for 4hours in gas incubator at 370c.After incubation by using multichannel pipette medium was removed and 100Â µl of acid-isopropanol was added in order to dissolve the blue formazan crystals from the cell layer and then it was incubated for 30minutes at room temperature after solubilizing formazan crystals Absorbance was measured at 570nm using plate reader. Calculation: Total No. of cells in 5 square = 21 Average cells present in one square = 4.2 Calculation of cell number: The volume of each square is= 4 X 10-3 The total cell number for 5 square gives the cell = 0.02Â µl No. of cells in 1 ml = 105X104 Number of cells required = 395X104 Volume of suspension required = concentration required/ concentration got = 395X104/105X104 = 3.7619 ml cell suspension to be taken Medium to be taken =30,000Â µl-3.7619Â µl = 29996.23Â µl medium to be taken. DISCUSSION: Here the increase in the absorbance with corresponding to the fetal serum concentrations shows the sign for the cell growth. Ammonium cations bind to negatively charged DNA which in turn gave blue color to the mixture. By using the color intensity, viable cells were estimated by means of haemocytometer. No experiment will produce 100% results. So here also errors occurred due to practical errors. Occurrence of errors might be due to: Washout condition of stained culture cells Improper solubilisation of 10% glacial acetic acid. In MTT method the degradation of MTT gives color to the mixture. This degradation was due to the dehaydrogenases of viable cells. The color intensity is directly proportional to the cell growth. Here also the errors might be occurred due to improper solubilisation of formazan crystals (Butler. 1996), (Javoise. 1998). DIFFERENTIATION OF K562 CELLS TO PLATELETS IN PRESENCE OF PMA: Differentiation of K562 cells to megakaryoctes/platelets Phorbol Myristate Acetate treated and untreated cells were spun down in a bench centrifuge and after resuspended in 1ml PBS (having 1 % Bovine serum albumin). Then by using haemocytometer the cell number was calculated, after diluting the suspension. cytospin was added to 1 ml cell volume which was adjusted to density of 106 cells per ml. In assembled cytospin 200 Â µl at 1000 rpm/3min. After fixing the slide in acetone /methanol(50:50), slide was washed with 0.15 M tris buffered saline .In humid temperature Human cd61 cells were incubated for 2 hrs using TBS slide was washed.with rabbit anti- mouse Ig-G anti body cells incubated for for 30 mins at room temperature and washed with TBS, after washing, cells were incubated with Alkaline phosphate anti-alkaline phosphate complex, this was repeated with Ram and APAP for amplification. They were washed under running tap water after staining with red TR substrate and counter was stained with haemotoxylin. Finally the slide was viewed und er microscope after washing with TBS.PMA is a diester of phorbol and a tumor promoting agent (proc.Natl.Acad.sci.USA Vol.82, pp, 3859-3862, june 1985Medical sciences). PMA initiates the signal transduction by protein kinase C (PKC) enzyme which allows promoting the differentiation of K562 cells.By using CD 61 marker the K562 cells were treated .These CD61gets attached to cell network to work as primary antibodies. In addition with cells performs a seconndary antibobodies whenever exposed to Ram along with APAP and forms pink color by attaching to FC region of anti-human CD 61 antibodies. This phenomenon gives the cells under going differentiation when incubated with PMA (MSc Pharmacology Biotechnology, cell biology laboratory manual/ January 2010) RESULT: The slide treated with Phorbol Myristate acetate (PMA) is in pink colour, whereas the slide which is untreated with Phorbol Myristate acetate (PMA) is in blue colour after staining. The cells when treated with PMA differentiate into Platelets/Megakaryocytes. In PMA the diseter bond promotes the tumor, which in turn activates the signal transduction of protein kinase C enzyme(PKC) inn K562 cells causes the CD61 expression. The RAM IgG gets attached to the CD61 antibodies, these K562 cells when incubated with APAAP form a complex. Later fast red dye was added to the mixture which gets attached to the APAAP, the cells turn pink by taking the stain. The cells containing PMA expressed the CD61. It generates the (signal transduction protein kinase C) PKC enzyme and on of K562 cells causes the expression of CD61. The rabbit antimouse IgG antibodies attach to the antibodies of CD61 when incubated in the presence of APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatise) on of K562 cells complex. Then we add the fast red dye to the mixture which was attached to APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatise) and stains the cells pink. CD61 was expressed by only those cells which had PMA (Shelly, 2000)

Teaching Children How to Discriminate Essay -- Papers Disney Discrimin

Teaching Children How to Discriminate Rosina Lippi-Green's article "Teaching Children How to Discriminate - What We Learn From The Big Bad Wolf" (1997) examines the discrimination and stereotypes toward different race, ethnicity, gender, religion, nationality and region that Disney presents in their animated films. Lippi-Green also points out the use or misuse of foreign accents in films, television and the entertainment industry as a whole. Such animated films are viewed mainly by children. Lippi-Green makes a central argument in which she says that children are taught to discriminate through the portrayal of the different accented characters in Disney films. Lippi-Green maintains her argument by concentrating on "three aspects of language use in Disney films" (87) that she had found through watching the different animated films made by Disney. She had viewed twenty-four films multiple times and analyzed characters from such movies for their use of different language in automatically creating a character. On page eighty- seven of her article she gives us her main points: the portrayal of African-Americans in the Disney films; "the way certain groups are represented---particularly lovers and mothers" (87) and the manipulation of French accents that can be considered as a positive stereotype but can result as to being "negative and limiting" (87) for that particular culture. Lippi-Green gives an in-depth look at the negative portrayal of African-Americans in Disney animations. She acknowledged the fact that the cartoon characters that have connotations to be from an African descent, are voiced over by actors that are also of African descent. These actors and the animated characters spoke in "African-American Ver... ...rtatious, and mainly associated with food. Even the character names such as "Cherie and Lumiere" of "Beauty and the Beast" promotes the romantic nature that the French are stereotyped for. Through the representation of this culture, children would only learn to associate the mentioned stereotypes toward the French and only that. They would not consider other characteristics that the French are also known for, not necessarily the romance and the great French cuisine that we already know of. Having said this, what Disney produced as a harmless depiction of the French, could furthermore fuel of what could be viewed as a limiting representation of the French culture. Bibliography: Lippi-Green "Teaching Children To Discriminate" Hampton, Hampton Bluebbeell 1990

Globalization and Dubai’s Tourism Industry Essays -- Dubai’s Tourism In

Dubai is one of the seven Emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates. Dubai is located in a south of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula with the largest population of 2.2 million, 15% being Emiratis and 65% south Asians. Over the decades, Dubai has shown unbelievable growth, from a small fishing town to one of the most iconic cities in the world. The growth has been based on the oil discoveries and revenue it created. (Mazza, n.d.)In the past half century, Dubai’s economy was based on fishing, pearl diving, date farming, camel rearing and sea trade. By the turn of the 20th century, Dubai was a well-off port to attract settlers from Iran and India. This resulted to a large Indian population that settled in Dubai and was particularly active in the shops. This cosmopolitan atmosphere and air of tolerance began to attract other foreigners. This paper aims to investigate ways which Dubai have used to attract globalization and develop their tourism industry. Dubai put tourism at the core of its economic development plans in order to diversify and strengthen its economy, while decreasing its dependency on fluctuating oil prices (Sharpley 2008). The plans have been successful; in 2007, non-oil revenues contributed to 63% of GDP, with Dubai contributing 29%, to the UAE’s total GDP. What is more surprising is that due to Dubai’s push to use tourism to diversify its economy, Dubai contributes over 80% of the non-oil related GDP in the UAE. Dubai is now considered one of the top tourist destinations in the world. In 2011, Dubai’s top tourist source markets outside the UAE were Saudi Arabia, India, UK, Iran, and the US. Tourism in Dubai Tourism in Dubai is an important part of the Dubai government's strategy to uphold the movem... ...trips and tourism packages, all contribute to the continuous growth of tourism industry. Tourism has also had both positive and negative impacts on Dubai. It has boosted Dubai’s economy but has brought negative impacts. The negatives are mainly cultural dilution and poor working conditions for the informal sector workers. Works Cited Brook, D. (2013). How Dubai Became Dubai. A History of Future Cities. Marketing, D. D. (2012). Dubai for Tourism . Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Mazza, G. C. (n.d.). Development of Tourism in Dubai. Retrieved 02 25, 2014, from Gastronomy and Global cities: http://laudergastronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Development-of-Tourism-in-Dubai_Grace-Chang-Mazza.pdf Sharpey, R. (2008). Tourism and hospitality Planning and Development. In R. Sharpley, & R. Sharpley, Planning for tourism: the case of Dubai (pp. 13-30).