Emile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud Essay - 1191 Words

Emile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud Emile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud are European sociologists who studied and wrote about the affect of industrializations and with society. Emile Durkheim is known to many in the humanities and academic fields. Freud is familiar to anyone who has studied intellectual and scientific history. Durkheim and Freud believed understanding the rules of society was vital for human survival. Durkheim compares to Freud in some aspects to religion. Both Emile and Freud were of European descent. Emile went on to study the rules of society in order to better understand it. He found the broken link to when a crime or problem arose. He related this back to scientific theory which enabled the social group to play a huge†¦show more content†¦Durkheim uses the example of Australian Totemism as the elementary form, that is, the original and most basic common denominator of religion. He describes the totem emblem as a symbol both for a society and its sacredness. This is because, he states in his fundamental hypothesis, god and society are one and the same, though not necessarily on a conscious level. For Durkheim, religion is what brings people together by reinforcing social relations and moral norms through a collective effervescence or group energy. This energy, when felt by the individual, is not recognized as the result of communal energies, but is attributed to the sacred. Emile Durkheim was a taught by a teacher and to add was a sociologist. Durkheim singularly developed sociology and is credited for expanding to academic discipline, social structures, social relationships, and social institutions, in attempt to understand human nature. Later Durkheim took these and applied them into religion. Durkheim focused on the importance of the concept of the sacred and its relevance to the welfare of the entire community. Freud examined much of psychoanalysis and trends that were affected by it. Freud disagreed with religion to full extent. He believed that there needed to different tasks accomplished by the individuals that made up the society but in difference will lead to capitalism and the destruction of the social structure. It is certainly true that society and religion areShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud And Emile Durkheim On Religion1587 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper examines the works of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on religion, looking at how both theorists essentially viewed religion as serving an integral role in human culture. In particular, this essay considers how both theorists consider religious believers to be mistaken in their ontological beliefs, and the rational causes for this. While both Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim are concerned with the study of human behaviour as it relates to culture, each does so from within distinct traditionsRead MoreEssay on The Goal of Functionalism in Religion1748 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkheim, and Karl Marx were all functionalist who developed theories as to why religion was such a major part of their society. Their views are very different from the two theorists E.B. Tylor and James Frazer, as they believed humans were using religion to try and explain the unknowns in the world. Though all three of the men took a fundamentalist approach to religion, their theories to explain religion have some major differences between them. Sigmund Freud, who isRead MoreThe Supreme Court Decision Roe V. Wade Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pageschoice. However, the theories of Emile Durkheim, Sigmund Freud and Christine Horne present compelling evidence to show that the average woman does not have control over her decisions. According to Durkheim’s theory â€Å"The Origins of Beliefs† religion is used as a means to understand why things happen a certain way and to make sense of the world. 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This essay focuses on the relationship between religion and social change as proposed in the theories of Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber. It will be argued that religion will continue to evolve with society while providing coherent meaning for the progressions and successes in people’s everyday lives, and thus providing a metaphorical platform for social change,Read MoreMax Weber’s and Mircea Eliade’s Disagreement with Durkheim, Marx and Freud1730 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Sigmund Freud were intelligent theorists that tried to reduce religion to simple explanations. Marx explained religion as a phenomenon created by economic position meant to give reason to people’s social economic position and thus provide them satisfaction, while they are promised salvation in paradise. Durkheim reduced religion as something created by the social interaction of people, thus making religion a social phenomenon, in which people interact and have ritesRead MoreCanada in a Youth Suicide Crisis Situation Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretations was Emile Durkheim. Durkheim worked during the late 1800’s identifying social structures as the key determinant in self-destructive behaviour. In his work Suicide: A study in Sociology, Durkheim stated that â€Å"suicide rates increase when a society’s value system breaks down.†2 Durkheim believed that the shared values of a society and the mechanisms in place that ensure that its members adhere to these values, is interpreted as a person’s â€Å"social structure.† Durkheim suggested two basicRead MorePsychological And Sociological Theories Persuade Human Behavior1680 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud has defined human behaviours as individual influenced by the structu re of society, objective and exists outside individual’s consciousness. The human behaviour and mind look at the human nature as a whole so that it produces some behaviour or to affect the behaviour of the other people around or group. It goes back to the 20th century. People like Freud, J Watson, BF Skinner, Maslow and a lot more others made it to be known. (Mcleod, 2013) This assignment will explore the ways in whichRead MoreA Study Of Crime Fell Into The Domain Of Metaphysicians, Penologists And Moralists1478 Words   |  6 Pagesfor criminal behavior but instead they propose abnormal personality type/traits or emotional maladjustments as the primary causes of crime (Akers Sellers, 2013, p.63). The psychological school of thought begins with Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytical approach. Freud did not directly attempt to address what causes criminal behavior, he was interested in explaining all behavior, including crime and he reasoned that if an explanation could be found for normal behavior then it could also explainRead More Discussing the Theory Modernization as a Cause of Secularization875 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs understood in religions support a more moral and, therefore, better society. As stated by sociologists, secularization has many levels of meaning, both as a theory and a historical process. Theoreticians such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim, postulated that the modernization of society would see a decline in levels of religiosity. The study of the process seeks to determine the manner in which, or extent to which religious doctrines, practices and institutions are

Crimes Committed by Women - 820 Words

Frequently, the image of women is associated with tenderness, care, and maternity, but sometimes the image is completely the opposite. Many different studies and books have been written about female offenders and circumstances that lead them to commit a crime. Belknap (2007) examines different theories and studies to determine the reason why a woman crosses the border of the law. There are a many different types of crimes that could be committed by women, such as property crimes and prostitution, but the most risky ones are drug related. Poverty, psychological problems, self- doubts and drug abuse lead women to become offenders. One of the most frequent types of female offenses is associated with drugs. Girls often get acquainted with drugs as adolescents and become addicted and later because of their delinquent behavior associated with addiction, they violate the law. For example, women are more easily drawn into alcoholism and drug addiction. Because of addiction, some women cease to value their family, work and begin an antisocial lifestyle. They are engaged in illegal acts for profit. Bush-Buskette (1999) made the observation â€Å"Poor woman who use street level drug experience additional societal stigma because they do not have the protective societal buffer enjoyed by woman who are insulated by their families, friends, and economic status†(p 216-217). The Differential Association Theory could be connected to an explanation of early drug addiction and the criminalShow MoreRelatedPersonal Crimes Paper1392 Words   |  6 Pages| Personal Crimes Paper | CJA/314Instructor Fred Sams | | Amber Jackson | 02/05/2011 | | Every crime has different characteristics that make it a crime, yet one characteristic that every crime shares is a perpetrator and a victim. Rape is a big problem in the United States. 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Public Pension Replacement Rates Free Essays

A social security is a program funded through the taxation of individuals pay. The taxes are deposited into various trust funds depending on the contract. Social security can not sustain all the promised benefits in future if it entirely relies on the current tax rates. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Pension Replacement Rates or any similar topic only for you Order Now This therefore implies that reforms are indispensible. This is due to the calamities that may follow the raising of taxes or a cut on benefits. Replacement income for prior earnings Income replacement is a pledge by the employer to continue paying an employee’s salary for a given period of time incase he becomes disabled or till the employee becomes eligible to coverage from the social security. The employee in this case is faced with the peril of the employer not honoring the pledge whereas in the agreement the employer is saved the expenses that cold be incurred through the purchase of insurance policies (FirstEnergy Corp, 2010). The salary coverage goes on for a few months but the limit is six months. Causes of Variance-Between Us and Greece Replacement Income Greece operates various schemes that have a rate of 105% on its gross replacement and 115%on its net replacement. The schemes in operations constitute of main and auxiliary social security programs. The different professions operate varying schemes and the biggest is the Insurance Institute (IKA). Most of the schemes in operation in Greece are absent in the USA. Greece adapted the euro as a national currency in 2001 as its national currency. Due to this, Greece was at liberty to borrow money at a lower interest rate. This money was also made available to its citizens and corporations, whom they borrowed at very low interest rates. The money obtained by the Greek government was use to repay debts and finance its budget. This expenditure made it possible to have a high supply of money in the economy. The US and Greece differ in terms on how their political institution are run. This is in terms of electoral levels and the government. In the US there is the issue of the majority rules while in Greece there is proportional representation. This therefore means that the people involved in making decisions do vary both in number and power. This has an impact on how the income replacement is structured and the guidelines in operations. The structure, size and redistribution of US and Greece differ greatly. Role of Greece’s Public Pension Replacement Rates on Its Debt Burden Currently Greece is being faced with a debt crisis (IMF, 2002). It is understood that very high amounts of debts were accumulated by the Greek government before the crisis struck of liquidity in the capital market. In the recent past these capital markets have become more illiquid thus making Greece to be faced with the possibility of defaulting (FirstEnergy Corp, 2010)). In responding to this problem, the Greece prime minister has emphasized repeatedly on the importance of long term reforms on the structure of Greece economy. Among these reforms is the reform on the pension scheme. The pension scheme in operation in Greece is one of the most generous schemes in known in Europe. Evasion of contribution to the social security program is a rampant thing and the government has promised to take tremendous actions against the evaders. This will ensure that the contribution rises thus providing the government with money at its disposal to pay some of the debts it owes. The government is also contemplating on the issue of increasing the retirement age of persons from the age of 61years to 63 years. Opposing some of the mode used to calculate the pension scheme in application of five years of worked by some civil service schemes, the calculations will entirely rely on a lifetime. This will in return provide some cash to be used in offsetting debts owed by the government. A crack down on the social security programs and carrying out reforms will prevent misappropriation of funds by corrupt officials (IMF, 2002). References FirstEnergy Corp (2010). Declares Unchanged Common Stock Dividend. Mergers Acquisitions Business pg. 271. IMF. (2002). Greece, selected issues. International Monetary Fund. 58 How to cite Public Pension Replacement Rates, Papers

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In 1865, only a small group of politicians supported black suffrage. All were radical Republicans, led by Charles Sumner and Thatched Stevens. They helped pass the Reconstruction Act. Lincoln plan In December 1 863, Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty/ Reconstruction, enabled southern states to rejoin Union if at least 10 % would take an oath of allegiance and accept emancipation. Lincoln hoped to undermine the Confederacy by establishing pro-union governments within it and build a southern Republican party.Passed by Radical Republicans, The Wade-Davis Bill (1864) provided that a military governor would rule each roomer Confederate state; after at least half the eligible voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union, delegates could be elected to a state convention that would repeal secession and abolish slavery. Lincoln Pocket-vetoed this bill, making many congressmen angry. Nowhere in the U. S. Was African-American suffrage a thing yet. Presidential Reconstruction under Johnson He was the only southern senator to remain in Congress when his state seceded, served as military governor of Tennessee from 1862 to 1864. He was a lifelong Democrat who had been added to the Republican ticket in 1 864 o broaden its appeal and who had become president by accident. Against Republican desires in 1 865, Johnson made a proclamation that brought back southern states still without reconstruction governments- Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas. All southerners who took oath would be provided personal amnesty by Johnson. By the end of 1 865, Presidential Reconstruction had caused all 7 states to create new civil governments that restored the status quo from before.Confederate officers and large planters assumed state offices. All 7 states kook steps to ensure a landless, dependent black labor force: they passed black codes to replace the slave codes, which established things like racial segregation in public places; prohibited racial intermarriage, jury service by blacks, and court testimony by blacks against whites. The black codes left freedmen no longer slaves b ut not really liberated either. Congress vs.. Johnson Moderate Republicans, the largest congressional bloc, agreed with radicals that Johnnys plan was too feeble, but they did not want to publicly oppose the President.Nothing was really done for a while. 2 proposals to invalidate lacked, drafted by moderate Republican, Lyman Truthful, wonder support 1 Continuation of the Freedmans Bureau which provided relief, rations, and medical care; built schools for freed blacks; put them to work on abandoned or confiscated lands; and tried to protect their rights as laborers. Congress extended the the bureaus life for 3 years and gave it power to run special military courts, to settle labor disputes, and to invalidate labor contracts forced on freedmen by the black codes. 2. A bill that made blacks U.S. Citizens with the same civil rights as other citizens and authorized federal intervention in the states to ensure black rights in court. 3. Neither one of these bills passed because they were both vetoed by Andrew Johnson. Congress overrode his vetoes; the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first major law ever passed over a veto. The president had alienated moderate Republicans, who now joined Radicals to oppose him. The 14th Amendment (1866) First Clause- all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens of the nation and of their states.This section nullified the Dried Scott case from 1857. Second- guaranteed that if a state denied suffrage to any of its ale citizens, its representation in Congress would be proportionally reduced. This did not guarantee black suffrage but was half way there and they specifically said male citizens, angered womens suffrage advocates, major setback for them. Third- it disqualified from state and national office all prewar officeholders who had supported the Confederacy, unless Congress removed this ban with a 2/3 vote.Finally- it repudiated the Confederate debt and maintained the validity of the federal debt. This amendment created a firestorm; no one liked every single part of it, including the President. Congressional Reconstruction (1866-1867) Congress passed the Reconstruction Act Of 1867. Johnson vetoed it Congress then passed it over veto The Impeachment Crisis (1867-1868) In March 1867, The Tenure Of Office Act was passed which prohibited the president from removing civil officers without Senate consent The goal was to stop Johnson from firing Secretary of War Edwin B. Stanton, a Radical Republican.Also the president could not issue military orders except through commanding general Ulysses S. Grant, who could not be removed by the Perez, only Senate. Johnson did replace Stanton and Congress had a reason to impeach. The House approved 11 charges of impeachment, 9 based on violation of Tenure of Office Act. Other charges accused him of being unmindful of the high duties of office, seeking to disgrace Congress, not enforcing the Reconstruction. In court Johnnys lawyers maintained that he was only seeking a court test by violating the Tenure of Office Act, which was claimed unconstitutional.They also said the law did not protect Stanton because he was an appointee of Lincoln and not Johnson. He was guilty of nothing that was tried in normal courts. Late in May 1 868, the senate voted against Johnson 35 to 19, one vote short of the 2/3 needed to convict. They set a precedent: their vote discouraged impeachment on political grounds for decades to come. The 15th Amendment and the Question of Womens Suffrage (1869-1870) The 15th amendment sought to protect black suffrage in the south, who would now presumably vote Republican. It prohibited the denial of suffrage by the states to any citizen on account of race, or servitude Democrats argued that it violated states rights by denying each state leverage over who would vote. They did not control enough states to deny his amendment, it was passed in 1870. The amendment neither guaranteed black office holding nor prohibited voting restrictions such as property requirements and literacy tests. (loop holes to deny black voting) In Elizabeth Caddy Stanton and Susan B. Anthony view the 14th Amendment had disabled women by including the word male, and the 1 5th Amendment failed to remedy this injustice.The battle over black suffrage and the 1 5th Amendment split womens rights advocates into rival suffrage associations, the Boston based American Women Suffrage Association was endorsed by Julia Ward Howe and Lucy Stone and believed in universal male suffrage. Opposing was the New York based National Women Suffrage Association led by Stanton and Anthony who condemned f ormer male allies. Susan B. Anthony embroiled about seventy women to vote on womens suffrage nationwide in 1 872, but she was indicted, convicted, and fined.Missouri suffragist Virginia Minor brought suit with her husband against voter registrars who had excluded her. In Minor v. Happiest (1875), the Supreme Court declared that a state could constitutionally deny women the vote. Reconstruction Governments Beginning in 1 865, freedmen organized conventions where they protested ill treatment/demanded rights Race Riots erupted in major southern cities, such as Memphis in May 1866 and New Orleans later. Congressional Reconstruction, took effect in 1867. The Johnson regimes were dismantled, state constitutional conventions met, and voters elected new state governments, Republicans dominated. Republican rule was brief, lasting less than a decade in all southern states, far less in most, bag. 5 years The governments formed under congressional Reconstruction were unique in the oral because black men including slaves participated in them. A New Electorate Laws through 1867-1868 transformed the southern electorate by temporarily disfranchising 1 0 to 15 % of potential white voters and by enfranchising more than 700,000 freedmen.To Democrats, Southern Republicans comprised three types of scoundrels: northern carpetbaggers who had allegedly come south seeking wealth power; southern scalawags, predominantly poor and ignorant whites; and hordes of uneducated freedmen, who were ready to prey for Republican manipulators 20,000 northern migrants (carpetbaggers)- including veterans, missionaries, teachers, and Freedmans Bureau agents- headed sou th immediately after the war, many soon returned north. Those who stayed held almost one out of three state offices and wielded disproportionate political power.Scalawags, white southerners who supported the Republicans, included entrepreneurs who applauded party policies such as the national banking system and high protective tariffs. Unlike carpetbaggers, they lacked commitment to black rights Or black suffrage. Freedmen provided eight out of ten Republican votes. Republican rule lasted longer in states with more blacks. Blacks served in all southern legislatures but constituted the majority only in South Carolina. Black officeholders formed a political elite, they often differed from black voters in background and education.Republican Rule Freedmen delegates helped abolish property qualifications for office holding, made appointive offices elective, and redistributed state legislatures more equally. All states now had universal male suffrage. Hoping to attract northern investment to the reconstructed South, southern Republicans hesitates to threaten property rights or to adopt land reform measures that rather Republicans had rejected. Once civil power shifted from the federal army to the new state governments, Republican regimes began ambitious programs of public works. Building bridges, roads, and public buildings) They also expanded state bureaucracies, raised pay for government jobs, formed state militia (predominantly black), and they created a public school system which had been non-existent before. These changes cost millions and taxes skyrocketed, people began to complain about Republican rule in the south and heavy corruption did not help. Northern tax rates still exceeded southern rates. Counterattacks In 1868-1869, Georgia Democrats challenged the eligibility of black legislatures and expelled them from offices.In response, the federal government reestablished military rule in Georgia. Democrats backed dissident Republican factions, elected some Democratic legislators, reduced blacks votes and lured scalawags away from the Republican party. In 1865, Freedmans Bureau agents itemized outrages against blacks, including shooting, murder, rape, arson, and inhuman beating. Vigilante groups sprung up everywhere in the south. Confederate war veterans in Tennessee formed the UK Klux Klan, distinguished by elaborate rituals, hooded costumes, and secret passwords.